Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

die Erf

  • 1 BERA

    * * *
    I)
    (ber; bar, bárum; borinn), v.
    I.
    1) to bear, carry, convey (bar B. biskup í börum suðr í Hvamm);
    bera (farm) af skipi, to unload a ship;
    bera (mat) af borði, to take (the meat) off the table;
    bera e-t á hesti, to carry on horseback;
    2) to wear (bera klæði, vápn, kórónu);
    bera œgishjálm, to inspire fear and awe;
    3) to bear, produce, yield (jörðin berr gras; tré bera aldin, epli);
    4) to bear, give birth to, esp. of sheep and cows;
    kýr hafði borit kálf, had calved;
    absol., ván at hón mundi bera, that the cow would calve;
    the pp. is used of men; hann hafði verit blindr borinn, born blind;
    verða borinn í þenna heim, to be born into this world;
    þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, born to;
    borinn e-m, frá e-m (rare), born of;
    Nótt var Nörvi borin, was the daughter of N.;
    borinn Sigmundi, son of S.;
    5) bera e-n afli, ofrafli, ofrliði, ofrmagni, ofríki, to bear one down, overcome, oppress, one by odds or superior force;
    bera e-n ráðum, to overrule one;
    bera e-n bjóri, to make drunk with beer;
    verða bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise;
    borinn verkjum, overcome by pains;
    þess er borin ván, there is no hope, all hope is gone;
    borinn baugum, bribed; cf. bera fé á e-n, to bribe one;
    6) to lear, be capable of bearing (of a ship, horse, vehicle);
    þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, with as much as they could carry;
    fig., to sustain, support (svá mikill mannfjöldi, at landit fekk eigi borit);
    of persons, to bear up against, endure, support (grief, sorrow, etc.);
    absol., bar hann drengiliga, he bore it manfully;
    similarly, bera (harm) af sér, berast vel (illa, lítt) af;
    bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore up bravely;
    hversu berst Auðr af um bróðurdauðann, how does she bear it?
    hon berst af lítt, she is much cast down;
    bera sik vel upp, to bear well up against;
    7) bera e-t á, e-n á hendr e-m, to charge or tax one with (eigi erum vér þess valdir, er þú berr á oss);
    bera (kvið) á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty (í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn);
    bera af e-m (kviðinn), to give a verdict for;
    bera e-t af sér, to deny having done a thing;
    bera or bera vitni, vætti, to bear witness, testify;
    bera or bera um e-t, to give a verdict in a case;
    bera e-n sannan at sök, to prove guilty by evidence;
    bera e-n undan sök, to acquit;
    bera í sundr frændsemi þeirra, to prove (by evidence) that they are not relations;
    refl. (pass.), berast, to be proved by evidence (þótt þér berist þat faðerni, er þú segir);
    8) to set forth, report, tell;
    bera e-m kveðju (orð, orðsending), to bring one a greeting, compliments (word, message);
    bera or bera fram erindi sín fyrir e-n, to state (tell) one’s errand or to plead one’s case before one;
    bera e-m njósn, to apprise one;
    bera e-t upp, to produce, mention, tell;
    bera upp erindi sín, to state one’s errand;
    bera saman ráð sín, to consult together;
    eyddist það ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed;
    9) to keep, hold, bear, of a title (bera jarlnafn, konnungsnafn);
    bera (eigi) giptu, gæfu, hammingju, auðnu til e-s, (not) to have the good fortune to do a thing (bar hann enga gæfu til at þjóna þér);
    bera vit, skyn, kunnáttu á e-t, to have knowledge of, uniderstanding about;
    bera hug, áræði, þor, traust til e-s, to have courage, confidence to do a thing;
    bera áhyggju fyrir e-u, to be concerned about;
    bera ást, elsku, hatr til e-s, to bear affection, love, hatred to;
    10) to bear off or away, carry off (some gain);
    bera sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in;
    hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orustum, he had been victorious in two battles;
    bera hærra (lægra) hlut to get the best (the worst) of it;
    bera efra (hærra) skjöld, to gain the victory;
    bera hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), to be in high (low) spirits;
    bera halann bratt, lágt, to cock up or let fall the tail, to be in high or low spirits;
    11) with preps.:
    bera af e-m, to surpass;
    en þó bar Bolli af, surpassed all the rest;
    bera af sér högg, lag to ward off, parry a blow or thrust;
    bera eld at, to set fire to;
    bera fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one;
    bera á or í, to smear, anoint (bera vatn í augu sér, bera tjöru í höfuð sér);
    bera e-t til, to apply to, to try if it fits (bera til hvern lykil af öðrum at portinu);
    bera e-t um, to wind round;
    þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body;
    bera um með e-n, to bear with, have patience with;
    bera út barn, to expose a child;
    12) refl., berast mikit (lítit) á, to bear oneself proudly (humbly);
    láta af berast, to die;
    láta fyrir berast e-s staðar, to stay, remain in a place (for shelter);
    berast e-t fyrir, to design a thing (barst hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur);
    at njósna um, hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about;
    berast vápn á, to attack one another;
    berast at or til, to happen;
    þat barst at (happened) á einhverju sumri;
    ef svá harðliga kann til at berast, if that misfortune does happen;
    berast í móti, to happen, occur;
    hefir þetta vel í móti borizt, it is a happy coincidence;
    berast við, to be prevented;
    ok nú lét almáttugr guð við berast kirkjubrunann, prevented, stopped the burning of the church;
    II. impers., denoting a sort of passive or involuntary motion;
    alla berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end);
    bar hann (acc.) þá ofan gegnt Ösuri, he happened to come down just opposite to Ö.;
    esp. of ships and sailors; berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eða annarra landa, we drift to Iceland or other countries;
    þá (acc.) bar suðr í haf, they were carried out southwards;
    Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, S. came suddenly upon them;
    ef hann (acc.) skyldi bera þar at, if he should happen to come there;
    e-n berr yfir, one is borne onwards, of a bird flying, a man riding;
    hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, it passed quickly (of a flying meteor);
    2) followed by preps.:
    Gunnar sér, at rauðan kyrtil bar við glugginn, that a red kirtle passed before the window;
    hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, there was nowhere a shadow;
    e-t berr fram (hátt), is prominent;
    Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingu ok bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, stood out conspicuously;
    e-t berr á milli, comes between;
    leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect;
    fig. e-m berr e-t á milli, they are at variance about a thing;
    mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, many things come now before my eyes;
    veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m, game falls to one’s lot;
    e-t berr undan, goes amiss, fails;
    bera saman, to coincide;
    bar nöfn þeirra saman, they had the same name;
    fig., with dat.; bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the stories agreed well together;
    fund várn bar saman, we met;
    3) bera at, til, við, at hendi, til handa, to befall, happen, with dat. of the person;
    svá bar at einn vetr, it happened one winter;
    þó at þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, has befallen us;
    bar honum svá til, it so befell him;
    þat bar við (it so happened), at Högni kom;
    raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by fact;
    4) of time, to fall upon;
    ef þing (acc.) berr á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls in the holy week;
    bera í móti, to coincide, happen exactly at the same time;
    5) denoting cause;
    e-t berr til, causes a thing;
    konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief;
    ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason;
    berr e-m nauðsyn til e-s, one is obliged to do a thing;
    6) e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot;
    hon á arf at taka, þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn;
    e-t berr frá, is surpassing;
    er sagt, at þat (acc.) bæri frá, hvé vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they spoke;
    7) e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden;
    e-t berr stóru, stórum (stœrrum), it amounts to much (more), it matters a great deal (more), it is of great (greater) importance;
    8) absol. or with an adv., vel, illa, with infin.;
    e-m berr (vel, illa) at gera e-t, it becomes, beseems one (well, ill) to do a thing (berr yðr vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli);
    used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, or unbeseeming, improper, unfit (þat þykkir eigi illa bera, at).
    (að), v. to make bare (hon beraði likam sinn).
    * * *
    1.
    u, f.
    I. [björn], a she-bear, Lat. ursa; the primitive root ‘ber’ remains only in this word (cp. berserkr and berfjall), björn (q. v.) being the masc. in use, Landn. 176, Fas. i. 367, Vkv. 9: in many Icel. local names, Beru-fjörðr, -vík, from Polar bears; fem. names, Bera, Hallbera, etc., Landn.
    II. a shield, poët., the proverb, baugr er á beru sæmstr, to a shield fits best a baugr (q. v.), Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.); hence names of poems Beru-drápa, Eg.
    2.
    bar, báru, borit, pres. berr,—poët. forms with the suffixed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres. Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. pret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse); barkat ek, Hs. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. bárut, etc., v. Lex. Poët. [Gr. φέρειν; Lat. ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ. gebären; Engl. bear; Swed. bära; Dan. bære].
    A. Lat. ferre, portare:
    I. prop. with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of vehicles, etc., with acc., Egil tók mjöðdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi sér, Eg. 237; bar hann heim hrís, Rm. 9; konungr lét bera inn kistur tvær, báru tveir menn hverja, Eg. 310; bera farm af skipi, to unload a ship, Ld. 32; bera (farm) á skip, to load a ship, Nj. 182; tóku alla ösku ok báru á á ( amnem) út, 623, 36; ok bar þat ( carried it) í kerald, 43, K. Þ. K. 92; b. mat á borð, í stofu, to put the meat on table, in the oven; b. mat af borði, to take it off table, Eb. 36, 266, Nj. 75, Fms. ix. 219, etc.
    2. Lat. gestare, ferre, denoting to wear clothes, to carry weapons; skikkja dýr er konungr hafði borit, Eg. 318; b. kórónu, to wear the crown, Fms. x. 16; atgeir, Nj. 119; vápn, 209: metaph., b. ægishjálm, to inspire fear and awe; b. merki, to carry the flag in a battle, Nj. 274, Orkn. 28, 30, 38, Fms. v. 64, vi. 413; bera fram merki, to advance, move in a battle, vi. 406.
    3. b. e-t á hesti (áburðr), to carry on horseback; Auðunn bar mat á hesti, Grett. 107; ok bar hrís á hesti, 76 new Ed.; þeir báru á sjau hestum, 98 new Ed.
    II. without a sense of motion:
    1. to give birth to; [the root of barn, bairn; byrja, incipere; burðr, partus; and burr, filius: cp. Lat. parĕre; also Gr. φέρειν, Lat. ferre, of child-bearing.] In Icel. prose, old as well as mod., ‘ala’ and ‘fæða’ are used of women; but ‘bera,’ of cows and sheep; hence sauðburðr, casting of lambs, kýrburðr; a cow is snembær, siðbær, Jólabær, calves early, late, at Yule time, etc.; var ekki ván at hon ( the cow) mundi b. fyr en um várit, Bs. i. 193, 194; kýr hafði borit kálf, Bjarn. 32; bar hvárrtveggi sauðrinn sinn burð, Stj. 178: the participle borinn is used of men in a great many compds in a general sense, aptrborinn, árborinn, endrborinn, frjálsborinn, goðborinn, höldborinn, hersborinn, konungborinn, óðalborinn, samborinn, sundrborinn, velborinn, úborinn, þrælborinn, etc.; also out of compds, mun ek eigi upp gefa þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, … entitled to by inheritance, Ld. 102; hann hafði blindr verit borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Hdl. 34, 42, Vsp. 2: esp. borinn e-m, born of one, Rm. 39, Hdl. 12, 23, 27, Hðm. 2, Gs. 9, Vþm. 25, Stor. 16, Vkv. 15; borinn frá e-m, Hdl. 24: the other tenses are in theol. Prose used of Christ, hans blezaða son er virðist at láta berast hingað í heim af sinni blezaðri móður, Fms. i. 281; otherwise only in poetry, eina dóttur (acc.) berr álfröðull (viz. the sun, regarded as the mother), Vþm. 47; hann Gjálp um bar, hann Greip um bar …, Hdl. 36: borit (sup.), Hkv. 1. 1.
    β. of trees, flowers; b. ávöxt, blóm …, to bear fruit, flower … (freq.); bar aldinviðrinn tvennan blóma, Fms. ix. 265; cp. the phrase, bera sitt barr, v. barr.
    2. denoting to load, with acc. of the person and dat. of the thing:
    α. in prop. sense; hann hafði borit sik mjök vápnum, he had loaded himself with arms, i. e. wore heavy armour, Sturl. iii. 250.
    β. but mostly in a metaph. sense; b. e-n ofrafli, ofrmagni, ofrliði, ofríki, magni, to bear one down, to overcome, oppress one, by odds or superior force, Grág. i. 101, ii. 195, Nj. 80, Hkr. ii. 371, Gþl. 474, Stj. 512, Fms. iii. 175 (in the last passage a dat. pers. badly); b. e-n ráðum, to overrule one, Nj. 198, Ld. 296; b. e-n málum, to bearhim down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit, Nj. 151; b. e-n bjóri, to make drunk, Vkv. 26: medic., borinn verkjum, sótt, Bjarn. 68, Og. 5; bölvi, Gg. 2: borne down, feeling heavy pains; þess er borin ván, no hope, all hope is gone, Ld. 250; borinn sök, charged with a cause, Fms. v. 324, H. E. i. 561; bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise, Fms. iv. 111; b. fé, gull á e-n, to bring one a fee, gold, i. e. to bribe one, Nj. 62; borinn baugum, bribed, Alvm. 5; always in a bad sense, cp. the law phrase, b. fé í dóm, to bribe a court, Grág., Nj. 240.
    3. to bear, support, sustain, Lat. sustinere, lolerare, ferre:
    α. properly, of a ship, horse, vehicle, to bear, be capable of bearing; þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, all that they could carry, Eb. 302;—a ship ‘berr’ ( carries) such and such a weight; but ‘tekr’ ( takes) denotes a measure of fluids.
    β. metaph. to sustain, support; dreif þannig svá mikill mannfjöldi at landit fékk eigi borit, Hkr. i. 56; but metaph. to bear up against, endure, support grief, sorrow, etc., sýndist öllum at Guð hefði nær ætlað hvat hann mundi b. mega, Bs. i. 139; biðr hann friðar ok þykist ekki mega b. reiði hans, Fms. iii. 80: the phrase, b. harm sinn í hljóði, to suffer silently; b. svívirðing, x. 333: absol., þótti honum mikit víg Kjartans, en þó bar hann drengilega, he bore it manfully, Ld. 226; er þat úvizka, at b. eigi slíkt, not to bear or put up with, Glúm. 327; b. harm, to grieve, Fms. xi. 425: in the phrases, b. sik, b. af sér, berask, berask vel (illa, lítt), to bear oneself, to bear up against misfortune; Guðrúnu þótti mikit fráfall Þorkels, en þó bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore her bravely up, Ld. 326–328; lézt hafa spurt at ekkjan bæri vel af sér harmana, Eb. 88; berask af; hversu bersk Auðr af um bróðurdauðann? (how does she bear it?); hón bersk af lítt ( she is much borne down) ok þykir mikit, Gísl. 24; niun oss vandara gört en öðrum at vér berim oss vel (Lat. fortiter ferre), Nj. 197; engi maðr hefði þar jamvel borit sik, none bad borne himself so boldly, Sturl. iii. 132; b. sik vel upp, to bear well up against, bear a stout heart, Hrafn. 17; b. sik beiskliga ( sorely), Stj. 143; b. sik lítt, to be downcast, Fms. ii. 61; b. sik at göra e-t, to do one’s best, try a thing.
    III. in law terms or modes of procedure:
    1. bera járn, the ordeal of bearing hot iron in the hand, cp. járnburðr, skírsla. This custom was introduced into Scandinavia together with Christianity from Germany and England, and superseded the old heathen ordeals ‘hólmganga,’ and ‘ganga undir jarðarmen,’ v. this word. In Norway, during the civil wars, it was esp. used in proof of paternity of the various pretenders to the crown, Fms. vii. 164, 200, ix. Hák. S. ch. 14, 41–45, viii. (Sverr. S.) ch. 150, xi. (Jómsv. S.) ch. 11, Grett. ch. 41, cp. N. G. L. i. 145, 389. Trial by ordeal was abolished in Norway A. D. 1247. In Icel. It was very rarely mentioned, vide however Lv. ch. 23 (paternity), twice or thrice in the Sturl. i. 56, 65, 147, and Grág. i. 341, 361; it seems to have been very seldom used there, (the passage in Grett. S. l. c. refers to Norway.)
    2. bera út (hence útburðr, q. v.), to expose children; on this heathen custom, vide Grimm R. A. In heathen Icel., as in other parts of heathen Scandinavia, it was a lawful act, but seldom exercised; the chief passages on record are, Gunnl. S. ch. 3 (ok þat var þá siðvandi nokkurr, er land var allt alheiðit, at þeir menn er félitlir vórn, en stóð ómegð mjök til handa létu út bera börn sín, ok þótti þó illa gört ávalt), Fs. Vd. ch. 37, Harð. S. ch. 8, Rd. ch. 7, Landn. v. ch. 6, Finnb. ch. 2, Þorst. Uxaf. ch. 4, Hervar. S. ch. 4, Fas. i. 547 (a romance); cp. Jómsv. S. ch. 1. On the introduction of Christianity into Icel. A. D. 1000, it was resolved that, in regard to eating of horse-flesh and exposure of children, the old laws should remain in force, Íb. ch. 9; as Grimm remarks, the exposure must take place immediately after birth, before the child had tasted food of any kind whatever, and before it was besprinkled with water (ausa vatni) or shown to the father, who had to fix its name; exposure, after any of these acts, was murder, cp. the story of Liafburga told by Grimm R. A.); v. Also a Latin essay at the end of the Gunnl. S. (Ed. 1775). The Christian Jus Eccl. put an end to this heathen barbarism by stating at its very beginning, ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, i. e. all children, if not of monstrous shape, shall be brought up, N. G. L. i. 339, 363.
    β. b. út (now more usual, hefja út, Am. 100), to carry out for burial; vera erfðr ok tit borinn, Odd. 20; var hann heygðr, ok út borinn at fornum sið, Fb. i. 123; b. á bál, to place (the body and treasures) upon the pile, the mode of burying in the old heathen time, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse); var hon borin á bálit ok slegit í eldi, Edda 38.
    B. Various and metaph. cases.
    I. denoting motion:
    1. ‘bera’ is in the Grág. the standing law term for delivery of a verdict by a jury (búar), either ‘bera’ absol. or adding kvið ( verdict); bera á e-n, or b. kvið á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty; bera af e-m, or b. af e-m kviðinn, to give a verdict for; or generally, bera, or b. um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; bera, or b. vitni, vætti, also simply means to testify, to witness, Nj. 111, cp. kviðburðr ( delivering of verdict), vitnisburðr ( bearing witness), Grág. ii. 28; eigi eigu búar ( jurors) enn at b. um þat hvat lög eru á landi hér, the jurors have not to give verdict in (to decide) what is law in the country, cp. the Engl. maxim, that jurors have only to decide the question of evidence, not of law, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 85; eigi eru búar skildir at b. um hvatvetna; um engi mál eigu þeir at skilja, þau er erlendis ( abroad) hafa görzt, id.; the form in delivering the verdict—höfum vér ( the jurors), orðit á eitt sáttir, berum á kviðburðinn, berum hann sannan at sökinni, Nj. 238, Grág. i. 49, 22, 138, etc.; í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn, id.; b. annattveggja af eðr á; b. undan, to discharge, Nj. 135; b. kvið í hag ( for), Grág. i. 55; b. lýsingar vætti, Nj. 87; b. vitni ok vætti, 28, 43, 44; b. ljúgvitni, to bear false witness, Grág. i. 28; b. orð, to bear witness to a speech, 43; bera frændsemi sundr, to prove that they are not relations, N. G. L. i. 147: reflex., berask ór vætti, to prove that oneself is wrongly summoned to bear witness or to give a verdict, 44: berask in a pass. sense, to be proved by evidence, ef vanefni b. þess manns er á hönd var lýst, Grág. i. 257; nema jafnmæli berisk, 229; þótt þér berisk þat faðerni er þú segir, Fms. vii. 164; hann kvaðst ætla, at honum mundi berask, that he would be able to get evidence for, Fs. 46.
    β. gener. and not as a law term; b. á, b. á hendr, to charge; b. e-n undan, to discharge, Fs. 95; eigi erum vér þessa valdir er þú berr á oss, Nj. 238, Ld. 206, Fms. iv. 380, xi. 251, Th. 78; b. e-m á brýnn, to throw in one’s face, to accuse, Greg. 51; b. af sér, to deny; eigi mun ek af mér b., at… ( non diffitebor), Nj. 271; b. e-m gott vitni, to give one a good…, 11; b. e-m vel (illa) söguna, to bear favourable (unfavourable) witness of one, 271.
    2. to bear by word of mouth, report, tell, Lat. referre; either absol. or adding kveðju, orð, orðsending, eyrindi, boð, sögu, njósn, frétt…, or by adding a prep., b. fram, frá, upp, fyrir; b. kveðju, to bring a greeting, compliment, Eg. 127; b. erindi (sín) fyrir e-n, to plead one’s case before one, or to tell one’s errand, 472, 473; b. njósn, to apprise, Nj. 131; b. fram, to deliver (a speech), talaði jungherra Magnús hit fyrsta erindi (M. made his first speech in public), ok fanst mönnum mikit um hversu úbernsliga fram var borit, Fms. x. 53; (in mod. usage, b. fram denotes gramm. to pronounce, hence ‘framburðr,’ pronunciation); mun ek þat nú fram b., I shall now tell, produce it, Ld. 256, Eg. 37; b. frá, to attest, relate with emphasis; má þat frá b., Dropl. 21; b. upp, to produce, mention, tell, þótt slík lygi sé upp borin fyrir hann, though such a lie be told him, Eg. 59; þær (viz. charges) urðu engar upp bornar ( produced) við Rút, Nj. 11; berr Sigtryggr þegar upp erindi sín (cp. Germ. ojfenbaren), 271, Ld. 256; b. upp gátu, to give (propound) a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464; b. fyrir, to plead as an excuse; b. saman ráð sín, or the like, to consult, Nj. 91; eyddist þat ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed, Post. 656 A. ii; b. til skripta, to confess (eccl.), of auricular confession, Hom. 124, 655 xx.
    II. in a metaphorical or circumlocutory sense, and without any sense of motion, to keep, hold, bear, of a title; b. nafn, to bear a name, esp. as honour or distinction; tignar nafn, haulds nafn, jarls nafn, lends manns nafn, konungs nafn, bónda nafn, Fms. i. 17, vi. 278, xi. 44, Gþl. 106: in a more metaph. sense, denoting endowments, luck, disposition, or the like, b. (ekki) gæfu, hamingju, auðnu til e-s, to enjoy (enjoy not) good or bad luck, etc.; at Þórólfr mundi eigi allsendis gæfu til b. um vináttu við Harald, Eg. 75, 112, 473, Fms. iv. 164, i. 218; úhamingju, 219; b. vit, skyn, kunnáttu á (yfir) e-t, to bring wit, knowledge, etc., to bear upon a thing, xi. 438, Band. 7; hence vel (illa) viti borinn, well (ill) endowed with wit, Eg. 51; vel hyggjandi borinn, well endowed with reason, Grág. ii; b. hug, traust, áræði, þor, til e-s, to have courage, confidence … to do a thing, Gullþ. 47, Fms. ix. 220, Band. 7; b. áhyggju, önn fyrir, to care, be concerned about, Fms. x. 318; b. ást, elsku til e-s, to bear affection, love to one; b. hatr, to hate: b. svört augu, to have dark eyes, poët., Korm. (in a verse); b. snart hjarta, Hom. 5; vant er þat af sjá hvar hvergi berr hjarta sitt, where he keeps his heart, Orkn. 474; b. gott hjarta, to bear a proud heart, Lex. Poët., etc. etc.; b. skyndi at um e-t, to make speed with a thing, Lat. festinare, Fms. viii. 57.
    2. with some sense of motion, to bear off or away, carry off, gain, in such phrases as, b. sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in …; hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orrustum, er frægstar hafa verit, he had borne off the victory in two battles, Fms. xi. 186; bera banaorð af e-m, to slay one in a fight, to be the victor; Þorr berr banaorð af Miðgarðsormi, Edda 42, Fms. x. 400: it seems properly to mean, to bear off the fame of having killed a man; verðat svá rík sköp, at Regin skyli mitt banorð bera, Fm. 39; b. hærra, lægra hlut, ‘to bear off the higher or the lower lot,’ i. e. to get the best or the worst of it, or the metaphor is taken from a sortilege, Fms. ii. 268, i. 59, vi. 412; b. efra, hærra skjöld, to carry the highest shield, to get the victory, x. 394, Lex. Poët.; b. hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), i. e. to be in high or low spirits, Nj. 91; but also, b. halann bratt (lágt), to cock up or let fall the tail (metaph. from cattle), to be in an exultant or low mood: sundry phrases, as, b. bein, to rest the bones, be buried; far þú til Íslands, þar mun þér auðið verða beinin at b., Grett. 91 A; en þó hygg ek at þú munir hér b. beinin í Norðrálfunni, Orkn. 142; b. fyrir borð, to throw overboard, metaph. to oppress; verðr Þórhalli nú fyrir borð borinn, Th. was defied, set at naught, Fær. 234; b. brjóst fyrir e-m, to be the breast-shield, protection of one, Fms. vii. 263: also, b. hönd fyrir höfuð sér, metaph. to put one’s hand before one’s head, i. e. to defend oneself; b. ægishjálm yfir e-m, to keep one in awe and submission, Fm. 16, vide A. I. 2.
    III. connected with prepp., b. af, and (rarely) yfir (cp. afburðr, yfirburðr), to excel, surpass; eigi sá hvárttveggja féit er af öðrum berr, who gets the best of it, Nj. 15; en þó bar Bolli af, B. surpassed all the rest, Ld. 330; þat mannval bar eigi minnr af öðrum mönnum um fríðleik, afi ok fræknleik, en Ormrinn Langi af öðrum skipum, Fms. ii. 252; at hinn útlendi skal yfir b. ( outdo) þann sem Enskir kalla meistara, xi. 431: b. til, to apply, try if it fits; en er þeir báru til (viz. shoes to the hoof of a horse), þá var sem hæfði hestinum, ix. 55; bera til hvern lykil at öðrum at portinu, Thom. 141; b. e-t við, to try it on (hence viðburðr, experiment, effort): b. um, to wind round, as a cable round a pole or the like, Nj. 115; þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body, Fms. ix. 219; ‘b. e-t undir e-n’ is to consult one, ellipt., b. undir dóm e-s; ‘b. e-t fyrir’ is to feign, use as excuse: b. á, í, to smear, anoint; b. vatn í augu sér, Rb. 354; b. tjöru í höfuð sér, Nj. 181, Hom. 70, 73, cp. áburðr; b. gull, silfr, á, to ornament with gold or silver, Ld. 114, Finnb. 258: is now also used = to dung, b. á völl; b. vápn á e-n, to attack one with sharp weapons, Eg. 583, Fms. xi. 334: b. eld at, to set fire to, Nj. 122; b. fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one, Fms. x. 172, Hm. 150: metaph. reflex., bönd berask at e-m, a law term, the evidence bears against one; b. af sér, to parry off; Gyrðr berr af sér lagit, G. parries the thrust off, Fms. x. 421; cp. A. II. 3. β.
    IV. reflex., berask mikit á (cp. áburðr), to bear oneself proudly, or b. lítið á, to bear oneself humbly; hann var hinn kátasti ok barst á mikit, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 219, Eb. 258; b. lítið á, Clem. 35; láta af berask, to die; Óttarr vill skipa til um fjárfar sitt áðr hann láti af b., Fms. ii. 12: berask fyrir, to abide in a place as an asylum, seek shelter; hér munu vit láta fyrir b., Fas. iii. 471; berask e-t fyrir, to design a thing, be busy about, barsk hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur, Greg. 53; at njósna um hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about, Fms. iv. 184, Vígl. 19.
    β. recipr. in the phrase, berask banaspjót eptir, to seek for one another’s life, Glúm. 354: b. vápn á, of a mutual attack with sharp weapons, Fms. viii. 53.
    γ. pass., sár berask á e-n, of one in the heat of battle beginning to get wounds and give way, Nj.:—berask við, to be prevented, not to do; ok nú lét Almáttugr Guð við berast kirkjubrunnann, stopped, prevented the burning of the church, Fms. v. 144; en mér þætti gott ef við bærist, svá at hón kæmi eigi til þín, vi. 210, vii. 219; ok var þá búit at hann mundi þegar láta hamarinn skjanna honum, en hann lét þat við berask, he bethought himself and did not, Edda 35; því at mönnum þótti sem þannig mundi helzt úhæfa við berask, that mischief would thus be best prevented, Sturl. ii. 6, iii. 80.
    C. IMPERS.:—with a sort of passive sense, both in a loc. and temp. sense, and gener. denotes an involuntary, passive motion, happening suddenly or by chance:
    I. with acc. it bears or carries one to a place, i. e. one happens to come; the proverb, alla (acc.) berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end), Lat. omnes una manet nox; bar hann þá ofan gegnt Özuri, he happened to come in his course just opposite to Ö., Lat. delatus est, Dropl. 25: esp. of ships or sailors; nú berr svá til ( happens) herra, at vér komum eigi fram ferðinni, berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eðr annara landa, it bore us to I., i. e. if we drive or drift thither, Fms. iv. 176; þá (acc. pl.) bar suðr í haf, they drifted southwards, Nj. 124.
    β. as a cricketing term, in the phrase, berr (bar) út knöttinn, the ball rolls out, Gísl. 26, cp. p. 110 where it is transit.; berr Gísli ok út knöttinn, vide Vígl. ch. 11, Grett. ch. 17, Vd. ch. 37, Hallfr. S. ch. 2.
    γ. Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, Sk. came suddenly upon them, Nj. 144; bar at Hróaldi þegar allan skjöldinn, the shield was dashed against H.’s body, 198; ok skyldu sæta honum, ef hann (acc.) bæri þar at, if he should per chance come, shew himself there, Orkn. 406; e-n berr yfir, it bears one, i. e. one is borne onwards, as a bird flying, a man riding; þóttist vita, at hann (acc.) mundi fljótara yfir bera ef hann riði en gengi, that he would get on more fleetly riding than walking, Hrafn. 7; hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, he passed quickly, of a flying meteor, Nj. 194; e-n berr undan, escapes.
    2. also with acc. followed by prepp. við, saman, jafnframt, hjá, of bodies coinciding or covering one another: loc., er jafnframt ber jaðrana tungls ok sólar, if the orb of the moon and sun cover each other, Rb. 34; þat kann vera stundum, at tunglit (acc.) berr jafht á millum vár ok sólar (i. e. in a moon eclipse), 108; ber nokkut jaðar (acc.) þess hjá sólar jaðri, 34; Gunnarr sér at rauðan kyrtil (acc.) bar við glugginn, G. sees that a red kirtle passed before the window, Nj. 114; bar fyrir utan þat skip vápnaburð (acc.) heiðingja (gen. pl.), the missiles of the heathens passed over the ship without hurting them, flew too high, Fms. vii. 232; hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, nowhere a shadow, all bright, Nj. 118; þangat sem helzt mátti nokkut yfir þá skugga bera af skóginum, where they were shadowed (hidden) by the trees, Fms. x. 239; e-t berr fram (hátt), a body is prominent, Lat. eminet; Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingunni, bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, king O. stood out conspicuously, ii. 308; b. yfir, þótti mjök bera hljóð (acc.) þar yfir er Ólafr sat, the sound was heard over there where O. sat, Sturl. i. 21; b. á milli, something comes between; leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect, Nj. 263: metaph., e-m berr e-t á milli, they come to dissent, 13, v. 1.; b. fyrir augu (hence fyrirburðr, vision), of a vision or the like; mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, ek sé …, many things come now before my eyes, 104; hann mundi allt þat er fyrir hann hafði borit, i. e. all the dream, 195; eina nótt berr fyrir hann í svefni mikla sýn, Fms. i. 137, Rd. 290; veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m (a metaphor from hunting), sport falls to one’s lot; hér bæri veiði í hendr nú, here would be a game, Nj. 252; e-t berr undan (a metaphor from fishing, hunting term), when one misses one’s opportunity; vel væri þá … at þá veiði (acc.) bæri eigi undan, that this game should not go amiss, 69; en ef þetta (acc.) berr undan, if this breaks down, 63; hon bað hann þá drepa einhvern manna hans, heldr en allt (acc.) bæri undan, rather than that all should go amiss, Eg. 258: absol., þyki mér illa, ef undan berr, if I miss it, Nj. 155; viljum vér ekki at undan beri at…, we will by no means miss it…, Fms. viii. 309, v. 1. The passage Bs. i. 416 (en fjárhlutr sá er átt hafði Ari, bar undan Guðmundi) is hardly correct, fjárhlut þann would run better, cp. bera undir, as a law term, below.
    II. adding prepp.; b. við, at, til, at hendi, at móti, til handa …, to befall, happen, Lat. accidere, occurrere, with dat. of the person, (v. atburðr, viðburðr, tilburðr); engi hlut skyldi þann at b., no such thing should happen as…, Fms. xi. 76; svá bar at einn vetr, it befell, x. 201; þat hefir nú víst at hendi borit, er…, Nj. 174; þó þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, Eg. 7; b. til handa, id., Sks. 327; bar honum svá til, so it befell him, Fms. xi. 425; at honum bæri engan váðaligan hlut til á veginum, that nothing dangerous should befall him on the way, Stj. 212; bæri þat þá svá við, at hann ryfi, it then perchance might happen, that …, 102; þat bar við at Högni kom, 169, 172, 82; raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by the fact, event, Fms. ix. 474, x. 185.
    2. temp., e-t berr á, it happens to fall on …; ef þing (acc.) ber á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls on the holy week (Whitsun), Grág. i. 106; ef Crucis messu (acc.) berr á Drottins dag, Rb. 44; berr hana (viz. Petrs messu, June 29) aldrei svá optarr á öldinni, 78; þat er nú berr oss næst, what has occurred of late, Sturl. iii. 182: b. í móti, to happen exactly at a time; þetta (acc.) bar í móti at þenna sama dag andaðist Brandr biskup, Bs. i. 468; b. saman, id.; bar þat saman, at pá var Gunnarr at segja brennusöguna, just when G. was about telling the story, Nj. 269.
    3. metaph. of agreement or separation; en þat (acc.) þykir mjök saman b. ok þessi frásögn, Fms. x. 276: with dat., bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the records agreed well together, Nj. 100, v. l.; berr nú enn í sundr með þeim, Bjarna ok Þorkatli at sinni, B. and Th. missed each other, Vápn. 25.
    4. denoting cause; e-t (acc.) berr til …, causes a thing; ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason, Nj. 75; at þat beri til skilnaðar okkars, that this will make us to part (divorce), 261; konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief? Fms. vi. 355; þat berr til tunglhlaups, Rb. 32.
    β. meiri ván at brátt beri þat (acc.) til bóta, at herviliga steypi hans ríki, i. e. there will soon come help (revenge), Fms. x. 264; fjórir eru þeir hlutir er menn (acc.) berr í ætt á landi hér, there are four cases under which people may be adopted, Grág. i. 361.
    γ. e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot; hon á arf at taka þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn, 179; mikla erfð (acc.) bar undir hana, Mar. (Fr.); berr yfir, of surpassing, Bs. ii. 121, 158; b. frá, id. (fráburðr); herðimikill svá at þat (acc.) bar frá því sem aðrir menn, Eg. 305; er sagt, at þat bæri frá hve vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they did speak, Jb. 11; bar þat mest frá hversu illa hann var limaðr, but above all, how…, Ó. H. 74.
    5. with adverbial nouns in a dat. form; e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden; berr þetta (acc.) nú allbráðum, Fms. xi. 139; cp. vera bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise (above); berr stórum, stærrum, it matters a great deal; ætla ek stærrum b. hin lagabrotin (acc.), they are much more important, matter more, vii. 305; var þat góðr kostr, svá at stórum bar, xi. 50; hefir oss orðit svá mikil vanhyggja, at stóru berr, an enormous blunder, Gísl. 51; svá langa leið, at stóru bar, Fas. i. 116; þat berr stórum, hversu mér þóknast vel þeirra athæfi, it amounts to a great deal, my liking their service, i. e. I do greatly like, Fms. ii. 37; eigi berr þat allsmám hversu vel mér líkar, in no small degree do I like, x. 296.
    β. with dat., it is fitting, becoming; svá mikit sem landeiganda (dat.) berr til at hafa eptir lögum, what he is legally entitled to, Dipl. iii. 10; berr til handa, it falls to one’s lot, v. above, Grág. i. 93.
    III. answering to Lat. oportet, absolutely or with an adverb, vel, illa, with infinit.; e-m berr, it beseems, becomes one; berr þat ekki né stendr þvílíkum höfuðfeðr, at falsa, Stj. 132; berr yðr (dat.) vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli, Fms. ix. 326; sagði, at þat bar eigi Kristnum mönnum, at særa Guð, x. 22; þá siðu at mér beri vel, Sks. 353 B: used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, unbeseeming, unfit, improper; athæfi þat er vel beri fyrir konungs augliti, 282; þat þykir ok eigi illa bera, at maðr hafi svart skinn til hosna, i. e. it suits pretty well, 301: in case of a pers. pron. in acc. or dat. being added, the sentence becomes personal in order to avoid doubling the impers. sentence, e. g. e-m berr skylda (not skyldu) til, one is bound by duty; veit ek eigi hver skylda (nom.) yðr (acc.) ber til þess at láta jarl einn ráða, Fms. i. 52: also leaving the dat. out, skylda berr til at vera forsjámaðr með honum, vii. 280; eigi berr hér til úviska mín, it is not that I am not knowing, Nj. 135.
    IV. when the reflex. inflexion is added to the verb, the noun loses its impers. character and is turned from acc. into nom., e. g. þar (þat?) mun hugrinn minn mest hafa fyrir borizt, this is what I suspected, fancied, Lv. 34; cp. hugarburðr, fancy, and e-t berr fyrir e-n (above, C. I. 2); hefir þetta (nom.) vel í móti borizt, a happy coincidence, Nj. 104; ef svá harðliga kann til at berask, if the misfortunes do happen, Gþl. 55; barsk sú úhamingja (nom.) til á Íslandi, that mischief happened (no doubt the passage is thus to be emended), Bs. i. 78, but bar þá úhamingju …; þat (nom.) barsk at, happened, Fms. x. 253; fundir várir (nom.) hafa at borizt nokkurum sinnum, vii. 256; þat barsk at á einhverju sumri, Eg. 154; bærist at um síðir at allr þingheimrinn berðist, 765, cp. berast við, berask fyrir above (B. V.): berast, absol., means to be shaken, knocked about; var þess ván, at fylkingar mundu berast í hergöngunni, that they would be brought into some confusion, Fms. v. 74; Hrólfr gékk at ramliga, ok barst Atli (was shaken, gave away) fyrir orku sakir, þar til er hann féll. Fas. iii. 253; barst Jökull allr fyrir orku sakir (of two wrestling), Ísl. ii. 467, Fms. iii. 189: vide B. IV.
    D. In mod. usage the strong bera—bar is also used in impersonal phrases, denoting to let a thing be seen, shew, but almost always with a negative preceding, e. g. ekki bar (ber) á því, it could ( can) not be seen; að á engu bæri, láta ekki á bera ( to keep tight), etc. All these phrases are no doubt alterations from the weak verb bera, að, nudare, and never occur in old writers; we have not met with any instance previous to the Reformation; the use is certainly of late date, and affords a rare instance of weak verbs turning into strong; the reverse is more freq. the case.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BERA

  • 2 ὡς

    ὡς, dor. auch ὥ, B. A. 591, 22. 617, 31 (vgl. auch das vorige ὥς), adv. des relat. Pronomens ὅς, auf welche Art, Weise, wie, so wie, in wie fern; oft bei Hom.; im Allgemeinen immer eine erklärende Bestimmung enthaltend, und

    1) beim vollständigen Ausdrucke sich auf ein demonstratives adv. beziehend, das sowohl darauf folgen, als vorhergehen kann; diese Beziehung findet aber nicht bloß Statt auf die eigtl. demonstrativen adv. ὥς (ll. 2, 326 u. öfter; Soph. O. C. 1244), τώς, ὧδε, οὕτως ( Hom. u. sonst; ὡς – τώς Aesch. Spt. 465; ὡς – οὕτω Il. 15, 825 ff., s. unten; Soph. Ant. 421 Trach. 1132; u. so auch mit besonderem Nachdruck in Prosa, μηδ' οὕτω σφόδρα φυλάξουσι μηδέν, ὡς τοὺς ἐκγόνους Plat. Rep. III, 415 b; Apol. 30 b u. sonst), sondern auch auf τόσον, Il. 4, 130; ταύτῃ ἰτέον, ὡς τὰ ἴχνη τῶν λόγων φέρει Plat. Rep. III, 365 d; ἀλλ' οὔτι πω τοιόνδ' ἐναργὲς εἰδόμην, ὡς τῆς πάροιϑεν εὐφρόνης Aesch. pers. 176, vgl. Ag. 841. In mehrern Vrbdgn könnte man dafür das pronom. relativ. erwarten, ἑλὼν κρέα, ὥς οἱ χεῖρες ἐχάνδανον, er nahm Fleisch, so wie die Hände faßten, für ἅ od. ὅσα ἐχάνδανον, Od. 17, 344; ὦκα δὲ μητρὶ ἔννεπον, ὡς εἶδόν τε καὶ ἔκλυον, ich sagte es der Mutter, wie ich es hörte, d. i. was ich sah und hörte, H. h. Cer. 172. 296. 416, vgl. Il. 2, 10. 14, 44. 18, 74. 75; Hes. O. 690; τὸ ῥῆμα μέμνημαι ὡς εἶπε Aeschin. 3, 72; vgl. Schäf. O. C. 1124; Lob. Phryn. 427. – Bei den homerischen Gleichnissen ist ὡς ὅτε zu merken, wo uns ὅτε oft überslüsstg erscheint u. der Ausdruck ewas Elliptisches hat, ἤριπε δ', ὡς ὅτε πύργος, ἐνὶ κρατερῇ ὑσμίνῃ, eigtl. ὡς ὅτε πύργος ἤριπε, Il. 4, 462, wie es auch 13, 389 vollständig heißt ἤριπε δ' ὡς ὅτε τις δρῠς ἤριπε, vgl. 12, 132. 15, 362. – Ueber die Umstellung πατὴρ ὥς für ὡς πατήρ und die damit verbundene Anastrophe vgl. das demonstrative ὥς am Ende. – Buttm. Lexil I p. 239 bemerkt, daß durch den ganzen Homer das einfach vergleichende ὡς, wenn es in der Bdtg wie dem Nomen vorangeht, nie anders, als zu Anfang eines ganzen Satzes mit ausgedrücktem Verbum od. Participium; steht, solche augenfällige elliptische Ausdrücke ausgenommen, wie eben erwähnt sind, od. wie Od. 14, 441 αἴϑ' οὕτως, Εὐμαῖε, φίλος Διῒ πατρὶ γένοιο, ὡς ἐμοί, sc. ἐγένου. In eigentlichen Vergleichungen dagegen, von einem einzelnen Worte, steht es nicht, die zweifelhafte Stelle Il. 2, 149 ὡς κύματα μακρὰ ϑαλάσσης allein ausgenommen, sondern entweder steht es dann nach, ϑεὸς ὥς u. ä., od. es wird ὥςτε, εὖτε od. ἠΰτε gebraucht. – Sehr gew. bleibt das Demonstrativum weg, ὡς κύων νεβρὸν ἐκμαστεύομεν, wie ein Hund das Hirschkalb, Aesch. Eum. 237; πρέπει γὰρ ὡς τύραννος εἰςορᾶν Soph. El. 654; u. in Prosa überall. – Besonders sind hier – a) Zwischensätze zu merken, welche die im Hauptsatz enthaltene Aussage irgendwie bedingen od. beschränken; ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, wie mir scheint; ὡς ἔοικε, wie es scheint; ὡς ἐγῷμαι, wie ich meine, eigtl. das ist in so weit richtig, wie es mir scheint; ὡς τὰ γράμματα λέγει Aesch. Spt. 628; ὡς χρή, ὡς ὁρᾷς, Ag. 1537. 1579; ὡς λόγος τις Eum. 4; ὡς ἀκούω Soph. O. C. 531; ὡς δύνασαι Ai. 1164; Eur.; u. in Prosa sehr geläufig; οὐχ ὡς σὺ δοκεῖς Plat. Phaedr. 274 a; ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, ὡς τὸ εἰκός u. ä. öfters; auch ὡς οἴκασι, Her. 3, 143; ὡς ἔοικας Plat. Rep. II, 372 c; Xen. Conv. 4, 53. Oft wird diese Beschränkung noch verstärkt durch γέ, ὥς γε τὸ εἰκός, Plat. u. A.; ὡς γοῠν ὁ λόγος σημαίνει, wie wenigstens die Rede lehrt, wobei γέ auch von ὡς durch zwischengestellte Wörter getrennt wird, s. Reisig comm. crit. de Soph. O. C. 45. – In der orat. obliqua steht so auch der infin., ὡς σφίσι δοκεῖν. – Der optat. potent. ermäßigt den Ausdruck noch mehr, ὡς ἡμεῖς φαῖμεν ἄν, wie wir sagen möchten. – Zuweilen bestimmt ein solcher Zwischensatz die Construction des Hauptsatzes od. führt eine Veränderung der einfachen Structur herbei, ὡς δὲ Σκύϑαι λέγουσι, νεώτατον ἁπάντων ἐϑνέων εἶναι τὸ σφέτερον, statt ἦν, ἐστίν, od. so, als ob ὡς nicht dastände; deutsch etwa »wie die Scythen erzählen, so wäre ihr Volk das jüngste von allen«; Her. 4, 5, vgl. 1, 58. 65. 2, 8. 4, 76. 95. 6, 37; in der Regel steht der Satz mit ὡς voran, doch wird er auch zuweilen dazwischen geschoben, wie 5, 44; ἀνὴρ ὅδ' ὡς ἔοικεν οὐ νέμειν, statt οὐ νέμει, ὡς ἔοικε, Soph. Trach. 1238; od. nachgesetzt, τυτϑὰ δ' ἐκφυγεῖν ἄνακτ' αὐτὸν ὡς ἀκούομεν Aesch. Pers. 557, vgl. 184. S. über diese Vermischung verschiedener Ausdrucksweisen Schäf. u. Erf. Soph. Ant. 736 u. Herm. Vig. p. 745. 894. – Daran reihen sich die abgekürzten Redensarten ὡς ἐμοί, ὥς γ' ἐμοί, nach meinem Urtheile, wo man in der Regel δοκεῖ ergänzen kann, B. A. 74, auch ὥς γ' ἐμοὶ κριτῇ u. ὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσϑαι κριτῇ, Valck. Hipp. 324, aber auch der Zusammenhang andere Uebersetzungen erlaubt, z. B. nach Maaßgabe meiner Kräfte; Κρέων γὰρ ἦν ζηλωτός, ὡς ἐμοί, ποτε Soph. Ant. 1146; μακρὰν γάρ, ὡς γέροντι, προὐστάλης ὁδόν O. C. 20 (s. unten); ταχεῖαν, ὡς ἐμοί, σκέψιν ἐπιτάττεις Plat. Soph. 226 c; ὡς ἐμῇ δόξῃ, so nach meiner Meinung, Xen. Vect. 5, 2. Aehnlich zu verstehen πύργοι μέν, ὡς ἀπ' ὀμμάτων, πρόσω Soph. O. C. 15, wo man εἰκάσαι zu ergänzen pflegt, so nach dem Augenschein, so wie man sieht; ὡς μὲν ἐν λόγοις ἀλγεινά El. 751. – b) ὡς ἔχει, wie es sich verhält, bekommt seine nähere Bestimmung im gen., ὡς ἔχει ποδῶν ἕκαστος ἡμῶν, d. i. so schnell ein Jeder kann, Plat. Gorg. 507 d; ὡς ἔχει τάξεως Legg. XII, 966 e, vgl. Rep. II, 365 a. – c) mit ἄν u. dem conj. erhält der Satz den Ausdruck großer Allgemeinheit, wie Einer auch, ἐν τῇ πράξει, ὡς ἂν πραχϑῇ, τοιοῦτον ἀπέβη Plat. Conv. 181 a; πάντως ὡς ἂν ἐϑέλωσι Legg. IX, 881 d; ὡς ἂν δοκῇ ἑκάστη ἡ εἰκων δεῖσϑαι ἑκάστου φαρμάκου Crat. 424 e; ὡς ἂν ποιήσῃς, πανταχῇ χρηστός γ' ἔσει Soph. Ai. 1348; ὡς ἂν ᾖς, οἷός περ εἶ 1117; προςφερέσϑω, ὡς ἂν αὐτῷ δοκῇ ἀσφαλές Xen. An. 7, 1,6. – Bei Hom. steht aber in den Gleichnissen der bloße conj. praes., u. häufiger aor. (wie auch ind. fut.), um den oftmals möglichen Fall, eine unbestimmte Allgemeinheit, nicht einen bestimmten einzelnen Fall anzuführen, ὡς δὲ λέων ἐξ αὐχένα ἄξῃ πόρτιος, ὥς Il. 5, 161, vgl. 9, 323. 10, 485. 22, 93, wo nachher die Vergleichung in den indic. übergeht; über ὡς εἰ c. opt. s. ὡςεί. – Auch der opt. pot. kann natürlich dabei stehen, Plat. Phaedr. 230 b Phaed. 87 b.

    2) an diesen einfachsten Relativgebrauch reiht sich, wie bei andern Relativis (vgl. οἷος, ὅσος) – a) der des Ausrufs, wie, wie sehr, bes. bei adj. u. adv., ὡς ἄνοον κραδίην ἔχες, ein wie unverständiges Herz hattest du, Il. 21, 441; ὡς ἀγαϑὸν καὶ παῖδα λιπέσϑαι, wie gut ists, Od. 3, 196; ὡς ἀγαϑαὶ φρένες ἦσαν Πηνελοπείῃ, ὡς εὖ μέμνητ' Ὀδυσῆος, wie gut war ihr Sinn, wie treu gedachte sie des Odysseus, 24, 194. 195; so Tragg. auch ohne adj., ὡς ἐν μιᾷ πληγῇ κατέφϑαρται πολὺς ὄλβος, wie ist auf einen Schlag vernichtet, Aesch. Pers. 247. 254. 277 und sonst; in Prosa, ὡς ἡδὺς εἶ Plat. Gorg. 491 e; φεῦ, ὡς εὖ λέ γεις, ei, wie gut sprichst du, ὡς ἀστεῖος ὁ ἄνϑρωπος, wie sein ist der Mensch, u. ähnl., Plat. u. A. – Zuweilen steht es in dieser Vrbdg einem adv. nach, ϑαυμαστῶς ὡς ἐπείσϑην ὑπ' αὐτοῦ Plat. Phaed. 92 a, eigtl. entstanden aus der Vrbdg: es ist zu verwundern, wie ich überredet wurde, wundervoll, wie überaus wunderbar wurde ich überredet, ϑαυμαστῶς μοι εἶπες ὡς παρὰ δόξαν 95 a, ϑαυμαστῶς ὡς σφόδρα Rep. I, 331 a; ὑπερφυῶς ὡς ὁμολογῶ Gorg. 496 c; Conv. 173 c, über alle Maaßen wie! ὑπερφυῶς δὴ τὸ χρῆμα ὡς, Alc. II. – Auf den ganzen Satz bezieht sich der Ausruf ὥς μοι δέχεται κακὸν ἐκ κακοῠ αἰεί, wie doch folgt bei mir Unglück aus Unglück, Il. 19, 290; ὡς οὔ τίς με ϑεῶν ἐλεεινὸν ὑπέστη ἐκ ποταμοῖο σαῶσαι, wie erbarmte sich doch kein Gott meiner, mich zu retten! Il. 21, 273; ὡς οὐκ ἔστι χάρις μετόπισϑ' εὐεργέων, wie doch ist hinterdrein kein Dank für die Wohlthaten, Od. 22, 319; ὥς σ' ἀτιμάζει πατήρ Soph. Ant. 572, u. öfter, wobei man sich immer einen Gedanken, wie »es ist erstaunlich, entsetzlich« ergänzen kann. Vgl. noch Ar. Av. 1119 ἀλλ' ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ τείχους πάρεστιν ἄγγελος οὐδείς, wo wir sagen »daß aber von der Mauer kein Bote da ist!«, ϑαυμαστόν ἐστιν, ὡς οὐδεὶς πάρεστιν. – b) bei Wünschen od. Betheuerungen, wo sich οὕτως – ὡς entsprechen, drückt der mit ὡς eingeleitete Vergleichungssatz den Gegenstand der Betheuerung aus, εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼν οὕτω γε Διὸς παῖς αἰ. γιόχοιο εἴην, ὡς νῦν ἡμέρη ἥδε κακὸν φέρει Ἀργείοισιν Il. 13, 825, vgl. Il. 8, 538; οὕτω νικήσαιμί τ' ἐγὼ καὶ νομιζοίμην σοφός, ὡς ἠξίωσα Ar. Nubb. 521; u. Sp., οὕτως ὀναίμην, ἔφη, τούτων, ὡς ἀληϑῆ πρὸς σὲ ἐρῶ Luc. Philops. 27. – Geradezu als Wunschpartikel, so, daß doch, wie εἴϑε, c. optat., ὡς ἔρις ἀπόλοιτο, daß doch der Zwist untergehen möge, Il. 18, 107; ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος, daß doch ein Andrer unterginge, Od. 1, 47; ὡς δή μιν (ἔγχος) σῷ ἐν χροῒ πᾶν κομίσαιο Il. 22, 286; ὡς ὁ τάδε πορὼν ὄλοιτο Soph. El. 126; Eur. Hipp. 405 u. sonst. – Auch mit der Verneinung, ὡς μὴ ϑάνοι, daß er nicht sterben möchte, Od. 15, 359. – In Vrbdg mit anderen Wunschpartikeln, ὡς ὤφελον, oft bei Hom. (s. ὀφείλω). – Oft ist ὡς aber bei einem Wunsche nicht als Wunschpartikel zu nehmen, sondern durch denn, wie zu erklären, vgl. Herm. Soph. Ai. 904.

    3) bei adverb., u. zwar zunächst – a) beim posit. hat es verstärkende Kraft, u. ist auf 2 a) zurückzuführen, ὡς ἀληϑῶς, wie wahr! od. so wahr, wie Etwas sein kann, ganz wahr, wie auch wir sagen: das ist so wahr; Plat. Phaedr. 234 e Theaet. 158 a; τούτων δὲ ἓν ὡς ὀρϑῶς ἅμα καὶ μουσικῶς ὠνόμασεν, ὅςτις ποτ' ἦν Legg. VII, 816 b, u. öfter; ὡς ἑτέρως, ganz anders, Phaedr. 276 c Soph. 266 a; ἤγγειλαν ὡς ἐτητύμως Soph. El. 1444; Aesch. Eum. 506. – So auch ὡς ἄτο πον, gar seltsam, Plat. Phaedr. 60 b; ὡς ἄξιος εἶ ἄγασϑαι τῆς ὁρμῆς Parm. 130 a; ἃ πρὸς τὸν Θυέστην ὡς ὠμὰ διεπράττετο Crat. 395 b; ὡς ἐναργές μοι τοῦτο τεκμήριον εἶπες Ion 535 c; Xen. u. A.; wo man es fast überall auch als einen Ausruf der Verwunderung nehmen kann. – Vor compar. finden sich einzelne, den obigen analoge Wendungen, ὡς ἀληϑεστέρως Plat. Rep. I, 347 e. – b) dagegen ist ὡς bei superl. sehr gewöhnlich, um den höchsten, möglichsten Grad auszudrücken, welche Vrbdg man am leichtesten auf den auch oft sich findenden vollständigen Ausdruck mit δύναμαι zurückführen kann, ὡς ἐδύνατο κάλλιστα, so schön er nur konnte, ὡς ἂν δυνώμεϑα κράτιστα Xen. An. 3, 2,6; aber auch einfach »so wie es am besten ist« erklärt, ὡς ῥᾷστα Aesch. Prom. 104, u. öfter, wie Soph., Eur., Ar. u. in Prosa überall; ὡς ἄριστα, ὡς τάχιστα, ὡς μάλιστα, so gut, schnell, sehr wie möglich, am schnellsten u. s. w.; ὅπως ὡς βέλτιστος ἔσται ὁ παῖς Plat. Prot. 325 d; Gorg. 513 e; τὴν πόλιν ὡς οἷοί τ' εἶμεν εὐδαιμονεστάτην ποιοῖμεν Rep. V, 466 a; ὡς οἷόν τε μάλιστα VII, 527 b; Plat. vrbdt damit noch sogar ὅτι, τοῦ ὡς ὅτι βέλτιστον ἐμὲ γενέσϑαι Conv. 218 d, vgl. Legg. X, 908 a; Jac. Ach. Tat. p. 673. 694; ὡς wird vom superlat. nur durch eine Präposition getrennt, ὡς ἐς ἐλάχιστον für ἐς ὡς ἐλάχιστον, Thuc. 1, 63; ὡς ἐν βραχυτάτοις für ἐν ὡς βραχυτάτοις, Antiph. 1, 18; vgl. Poppo observationes in Thuc. p. 223. – Hierher kann man auch noch die Verbindungen ὡς πολύ, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ ziehen, eigtl. wie es am meisten ist, gewöhnlich, meistentheils. Vgl. πολύ.

    4) wie die andern Relativa wird ὡς ferner in indirecter Frage gebraucht, zwar nicht unmittelbar für ὅπως, wenn wirklich nach der Art und Weise gefragt wird, aber doch nach Verbis des Wahrnehmens und Wissens, woran sich die des Sagens reihen, wo es dann einfacher Ausdruck des Objcctsatzes wird und statt ὅτι oder statt des acc. c. inf. gesetzt erscheint, wie auch wir unser wie (vgl. auch ut) für daß brauchen. Nicht selten wird ein mit ὡς angefangener Satz nach einer Unterbrechung mit ὅτι fortgesetzt, Poppo Xen. Cyr. 5, 3,30; oder ὅτι geht in ὡς über, Heindorf Plat. Hipp. mai. 281 c; vgl. Jac. Ach. Tat. 566; oder der Satz mit ὡς geht in den acc. c. inf. über, Her. 1, 82. 8, 118. – Man kann dabei von Sätzen ausgehen, wie Θουκυδίδης ξυνέγραψε τὸν πόλεμον, ὡς ἐπολέμησαν, wie sie Krieg führten, Thuc. 1, 1; Ὅμηρος ἐποίησε ἐν Ἰλιάδι πλάνην τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου, ὡς ἀπηνείχϑη ἄγων Ἑλένην Her. 2, 116, wo es auch ist »wie er verschlagen wurde«. – Es steht dann, wie bei ὅτι, der indic., od. der optat. pot., oder um die orat. obliqua bestimmter anzudeuten, nach tempp. der Vergangenheit der opt. der indirecten Rede. So nach ἀκούω, μανϑάνω, οἶδα u. ä., Aesch. Prom. 441 Eum. 627 Soph. O. R. 547; ὥς εἰσ' ἀληϑεῖς, οἶδα Phil. 320; u. in Prosa überall. Dabei ist die Umstellung des Subjects zu bemerken, daß nämlich das subj. des abhängigen Satzes als obj. in den Hauptsatz gesetzt wird, εἰςορᾶς μ' ὡς ἔκδικα πάσχω, du siehst mich, wie ich leide, d. i. du siehst wie oder daß ich Ungerechtes leide, Aesch. Prom. 1095 Ch. 1030; γένος δὲ τοὐμὸν ὡς ἔχει, πεύσῃ τάχα Eum. 432; ϑαυμάζομέν σου γλῶσσαν ὡς ϑρασύστομος Ag. 1372; γνώσῃ δὲ τάδ' ὡς ἔτυμα Prom. 293, u. sonst. So ist auch zu erkl. Ar. Av. 651 ὅρα νυν, ὡς ἐν Αἰσώπου λόγοις ἐστὶν λεγόμενον δή τι, τὴν ἀλώπεχ', ὡς φλαύρως ἐκοινώνησεν αὐτῷ ποτε. – Ὥς με καὶ μάϑῃς ὥς τ' ἔφυν εὐκάρδιος Soph. Phil. 531; u. in Prosa überall; in Fällen, wie αἰσϑάνεσϑε, ὡς ἀϑύμως ἦλϑον Xen. An. 3, 1,40, ist es bestimmt wie. – Und nach εἰπεῖν u. ä., μηδέποτ' εἴπηϑ', ὡς Ζεὺς ὑμᾶς εἰςέβαλεν Aesch. Prom. 1076; οἱ λεγόμενοι μῦϑοι ὡς δεῖ Plat. Rep. I, 330 d, u. sonst. – Opt. pot., ἐπίστασ', ὡς ἐγὼ σοὶ μὲν νέμοιμι ἂν τῆςδε καὶ μείζω χάριν Soph. Ai. 1370; Ant. 875 El. 339; βοᾷ δὲ οὗτος γραμμάτων ἐν συλλαβαῖς, ὡς οὐδ' ἂν Ἄρης σφ' ἐκβάλοι Aesch. Spt. 451. – Bloßer Optat., ἤκουσεν, ὡς ταύτης πόϑῳ πόλις δαμείη Soph. Trach. 431; λέγοντες, ὡς οὐ ϑέμις γίγνοιτο Phil. 346; ἤδη καὶ ἄλλων ἤκουσα, ὡς οὐ δέοι τοῦτο ποιεῖν Plat. Phaed. 61 e; ἦλϑε ἀγγελίη, ὡς ἡλώκοι τὸ τεῖχος Her. 1, 83, u. sonst; auch δια βάλλει τὸν Κῦρον, ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι αὐτῷ, Xen. An. 1, 1,3, um bestimmter diesen Gedanken als Inhalt der Verleumdung hinzustellen; vgl. κατηγόρουν μέν μου πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους, ὡς σὲ περὶ πλείονος ποιοίμην ἢ Λακεδαιμονίους 7, 7,44. – a) eine besondere Umstellung ist οἶσϑ' ὡς ποίησον, s. ΕΙΔΩ zu Ende. – b) wie in οἷος u. ὅσος bemerkt ist, findet sich auch ὡς, wo man ὅτι, οὕτως erwarten sollte, nur daß wir hier auch im Deutschen mit dem einfachen wie auskommen können; ϑαυμάζω, ὡς ἡδέως καϑεύδεις, wie süß du schläfst, daß du so süß schläfst, Plat. Crit. 43 b; Theaet. 142 c; εὐδαίμων γάρ μοι ἀνὴρ ἐφαίνετο, ὡς ἀδεῶς καὶ γενναίως ἐτελεύτα, wie er so, daß er so edel starb, Phaed. 58 e, vgl. Phaedr. 230 b Prot. 315 b; Eur. I. T. 1188 Troad. 895.

    5) Wie ὅπως (w. m. vgl.) dient ὡς auch zum Ausdrucke der Absicht, damit, auf daß, und wird wie jenes construirt; – a) nach einem praes. od. fut., auf die Gegenwart od. Zukunft gehend, mit dem conj., κρῖν' ἄνδρας, ὡς φρήτρη φρήτρηφιν ἀρήγῃ Il. 2, 363; λέγ' αὖϑις, ὡς μάϑω Aesch. Ch. 756; συμβουλεύω τοῦτον ἐκποδὼν ποιεῖσϑαι, ὡς μηκέτι δέῃ τοῦτον φυλάττεσϑαι Xen. An. 1, 6,9; ταῦτ' ἐγὼ ἀπολογοῦμαι, ὡς εἰκότως οὐ χαλεπῶς φέρω, um zu beweisen, daß ich, Plat. Phaed. 69 d. Auch wenn der imperat. oder ein von einem praes. abhängiger andrer mod. des aor. vorhergeht, ἀκούσαϑ', ὡς μάϑη τε διὰ τέλους τὸ πᾶν Aesch. Prom. 273, vgl. 662; Soph. Phil. 359 u. sonst. – Mit der den Griechen so geläufigen lebhaften Darstellung des Vergangenen als Gegenwärtigen, und dem Uebergange ins Directe auch nach Präteritis, ἀλλ' ὅγε μερμήριζε, ὡς Ἀχιλῆα τιμήσῃ Il. 2, 3; ἐκέλευε ἐμβάλλειν, ὡς μὴ πεινῶντες ἄγωσιν Xen. An. 1, 9,27, denn so sprach Kyros; u. sonst. – Bei Hom. hat dieser conj. auch noch ἄν oder κέ bei sich, μή μ' ἐρέϑιζε, σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι Il. 1, 32, eigtl. damit du in dem Falle dann, wenn du mich nicht reizest, gesund heimkehrest; vgl. 16, 84. 271 (s. Schäf. mel. p. 109); βουκόλον ἠδὲ συβώτην προὔπεμψ', ὡς ἂν δεῖπνον ἐφοπλίσσωσι τάχιστα Od. 24, 359; selten so u. nicht recht sicher in Prosa; in ἐπιμελεῖσϑαι, ὡς ἂν πραχϑῇ Xen. Hipparch. 9, 2 ist an die Construction von 1 c) zu denken; aber bei den Tragg., bes. Aesch., s. Prom. 10. 657 Ag. 885 Ch. 20 Suppl. 448. 513. 908; Eur. Phoen. 92 I. A. 620; Ar. Eccl. 57 Vesp. 178 u. öfter. – b) nach Präteritis cum optat., ἱκόμην, ὡς μάϑοιμι Soph. El. 33, vgl. 561; ἔπεμψα, ὡς πύϑοιτο O. R. 71; δορυσσόους ἔταξαν, ὡς ἔχοιμι τίμιον γέρας Aesch. Suppl. 964; εἶχον δρέπανα, ὡς διακόπτοιεν Xen. An. 1, 8,10, u. sonst; auch nach einem praes., um den Ausdruck der orat. obliq. zu geben, oder nach einem andern optat.; vgl. noch Ἀϑήνη σιωπᾶν λαὸν ἀνώγει, ὡς μῦϑον ἀκούσειαν, damit, dies war ihre Absicht, Alle hören möchten, Il. 2, 280. – Selten tritt ἄν dazu, also opt. pot., wie πάσσονα ϑῆκεν ἰδέσϑαι, ὥς κεν Φαιήκεσσι φίλος πάντεσσι γένοιτο, Od. 8, 20, vgl. 13, 102; Her. 5, 37. 7, 176; Xen. Cyr. 1, 6,13. – c) mit dem indic. der Nichtwirklichkeit, imperf. od. aor., abhängig von einem eben solchen hypothetischen Satze, zum Ausdrucke, daß Etwas habe geschehen sollen, was nicht geschehen ist od. nicht geschehen kann; τί μ' οὐ λαβὼν ἔκτεινας εὐϑύς, ὡς ἔδειξα μήποτ' ἐμαυτόν Soph. O. R. 1392; ἔδει τὰ ἐνέχυρα τότε λαβεῖν, ὡς μηδὲ εἰ ἐβούλετο ἐδύνατο [ἂν ταῦτα] ἐξαπατᾶν Xen. An. 7, 6,23, wo Schneider die eingeklammerten Wörter hinzusetzte aus einem cod.; man vgl. Ἀριάδνη ἀκούσασα τοιοῦτόν τι ἐποίησεν, ὡς πᾶς ἂν ἔγνω, ὅτι ἀσμένη ἤκουσεν Conv. 9, 3; es ist aber wohl eigtl. = so daß, wenn er auch wollte, er nicht konnte. – d) mit ind. praes. u. fut., nach den Aufforderungen getrost od. ohne Furcht zu sein; μηκέτ' ἐκφοβοῦ, μητρῷον ὥς σε λῆμ' ἀτιμάσει ποτέ, fürchte nicht, daß dich der mütterliche Uebermuth je entehren wird, Soph. El. 1426; μὴ δείσητε, ὡς οὐχ καϑευδήσετε, eigentlich, fürchtet euch nicht, als ob ihr nicht schlafen werdet, Xen. Cyr. 6, 2,30; vgl. Schäf. mel. p. 113. – e) in einigen Wendungen cum inf., wie unser um zu, ὡς εἰπεῖν, daß ich so sage, so zu sagen, Her. 6, 95. 7, 24; ὡς λόγῳ εἰπεῖν 2, 53. 134, u. öfter ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν (s. ἔπος); ὡς τορῶς φράσαι Aesch. Ag. 1566; Ch. 887; auch ὡς συντόμως, ὡς συνελόντι εἰπεῖν, um es kurz zu sagen, Xen. An. 3, 1,38 Mem. 3, 8,10 u. A.; ὡς ἐν πλέονι λόγῳ δηλῶσαι Her. 2, 25; ὡς μικρὸν μεγάλῳ εἰκάσαι Thuc. 4, 36; ὡς εἰκάσαι, um eine Vermuthung auszusprechen, vermuthungsweise, Her. 1, 32. 9, 32. 34, vgl. das Folgde.

    6) die Art u. Weise durch den Erfolg näher bestimmend steht ὡς auch im Folgesatze (wie das viel häufigere ὥςτε), so daß; und zwar gew. cum infin.; oft bei Her., εὖρος ὡς δύο τριήρεις πλέειν ὁμοῦ, so breit, daß zwei Galeeren zugleich darauf fahren können, 7, 24, vgl. 2, 135. 4, 184; c. indic., 1, 263. 2, 135 u. sonst; der indic. steht so Aesch. Prom. der inf., τοιάδ' ἐπ' αὐταῖς ἦλϑε συμφορά, ὡς τοῖςδε καὶ δὶς ἀντισηκῶσαι ῥοπῇ Aesch. Pers. 429, vgl. 503 Ag. 349; οὐδ' ὑπὸ ζυγῷ λόφον δικαίως εἶχον, ὡς στέργειν ἐμέ Soph. Ant. 292, u. öfter; εἰ δ' Ὀρφέως μοι γλῶττα καὶ μέλος παρῆν, ὡς τὴν κόρην Δήμητρος κηλήσαντά σ' ἐξ Ἅιδου λαβεῖν Eur. Alc. 358; ἐνετύγχανον τάφροις πλήρεσιν ὕδατος, ὡς μὴ δύνασϑαι διαβαίνειν, so daß sie nicht durchgehen konnten, Xen. An. 2, 3,10, vgl. 3, 5,7, u. öfter; ἀτοπώτατοί τινές εἰσιν, ὡς γ' ἐν φιλοσόφοις τιϑέναι Plat. Rep. V, 475 d, wenigstens um sie zu setzen; u. so auch nach einem comparat., wie im lat. quam ut, οἱ ἀκοντισταὶ βραχύτερα ἠκόντιζον ἢ ὡς ἐξικνεῖ. σϑαι τῶν σφενδονητῶν Xen. An. 3, 3,7, vgl. Mem. 1, 4,10; ἀμαϑέστεροι γάρ εἰσιν ἢ ὡς ὑπ' ἐμοῦ ἐξαπατᾶσϑαι Simonds. bei Plut. de aud. poet. 1; μαλακώτεροι αὖ γίγνονται, ἢ ὡς κάλλιον αὐτοῖς Plat. Rep. III, 410 d. – Doch werden auch andere Bestimmungen so im inf. mit ὡς hinzugesetzt, bes. die den Gedanken des Hauptsatzes einschränken, ὡς ἐμὲ εὖ μεμνῆσϑαι, so viel, in so fern ich mich recht erinnere, Her. 2, 125; ὡς μὲν ἐμὲ συμβαλλόμενον εὑρίσκειν, so viel ich errathen kann, 7, 24; χῶρος ὅδ' ἱερός, ὡς σάφ' εἰκάσαι Soph. O. C. 17; ὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσϑαι κριτῇ Eur. Alc. 810; ὥς γέ μοι δοκεῖν Ar. Plut. 736; vgl. Plat. Rep. IV, 432 b; ὥς γε ἐντεῦϑεν ἰδεῖν, von hier aus wenigstens betrachtet, IV, 430 e; ὡς ἐν εἴδεσι λαβεῖν μετ' ἀριϑμοῦ Legg. X, 894 a. – Aehnlich ist auch μεγάλα ἐκτήσατο χρήματα ὡς ἂν εἶναι Ῥοδῶπιν, ἀτὰρ οὐχ ὥς γε ἐς πυραμίδα τοσαύ-την ἐξικέσϑαι Her. 2, 135, für die Rhodopis, da sie nichts Besseres als eine Rhodopis war, insofern dies das Vermögen einer Privatperson war.

    7) wie im Deutschen wie, als, ist ὡς auch Zeitpartikel, und zwar – a) mit dem Indic., bei einfacher Angabe einer Zeitbestimmung, Hom. u. Folgende überall, z. B. ὁ δ' εὐϑὺς ὡς ἤκουσεν, πᾶσιν προφωνεῖ τόνδε ναυάρχοις λόγον, Aesch. Pers. 353. 405. 446 u. sonst; ὡς ἑώρων, ϑᾶττον δὴ ἐπῄεσαν Xen. An. 4, 3,27. – b) c. opt., in Beziehung auf die Vergangenheit, eine oftmalige, wiederholte Handlung ausdrückend, so oft als, ὡς δὲ εἰς τὴν Μιλησίην ἀπίκοιτο, οἰκήματα οὔτε κατέβαλλεν, οὔτε ἐνεπίμπρη, so oft er in das Milesische Gebiet kam, zerstörte er weder –, Her. 1, 17, u. sonst, obwohl viel seltener als ὅτε. – c) cum ἄν u. conj., die wiederholte Handlung in Beziehung auf die Gegenwart oder ohne alle Rücksicht auf eine bestimmte Zeit auszudrücken; auch ohne ἄν, τῶν δὲ ὡς ἕκαστος οἱ μιχϑῇ, διδοῖ δῶρον Her. 4, 172, wo auch ὅταν gewöhnlicher ist. – d) cum inf. in der indirecten Rede, Her. 1, 29. 86. 94. 141 u. öfter, wie bei andern Geschichtschreibern; ὡς δὲ ἀκοῦσαι Dem. 19, 195.

    8) wie die andern Zeitpartikeln, wird dann ὡς auch Causalpartikel, da, weil, da doch, kann aber bes. nach imperat. oft besser im Deutschen, einen demonstrativen Satz anfangend, mit denn übersetzt werden, πρὸς ταῦτα βούλευ', ὡς ὅδ' οὐ πεπλασμένος ὁ κόμπος Aesch. Prom. 1032, da dieser Lärm nicht erdichtet ist, od. denn der Lärm ist wahr; u. so oft bei Tragg. u. in Prosa, παρακαλῶν ἐπὶ τὸ δεῖν γίγνεσϑαι μηχανοποιούς, ὡς οὐδὲν τἄλλα ἐστίν Plat. Gorg. 512 c; ὡς ἐγὼ φοβοῦμαι Conv. 189 b; vgl. Gorg. 455 c 481 b, u. sonst.

    9) sehr ausgedehnt ist der aus der ursprünglichen Bdtg des ὡς sich ergebende Gebrauch dieser Partikel zur Anfügung der Apposition, der von den einfachsten Fällen, προςεκύνεον τὸν Δαρεῖον ὡς βασιλ ῆα Her. 3, 86, sie verehrten ihn als König, eine vielfache Anwendung gestattet, und dem Ausdrucke dadurch eine große Kürze giebt, daß die Ansicht des Subjects ausgedrückt wird, wie hier: sie verehrten ihn, den sie für ihren König erkannten. Es liegt aber darin sowohl, wie in dem unter 1 b) u. in dem unter 6) bemerkten Falle eine Einschränkung, φρονεῖ γὰρ ὡς γυνὴ μέγα Soph. O. R. 1078, als eine Frau, so viel für eine Frau sich schickt, od. man urtheilt so, wenn man bedenkt, daß sie eine Frau ist, – als auch ein Grund, wie quippe qui, εἰς τὸ πᾶν ἔπραξας ὡς παναίτιος Aesch. Eum. 191; φρονήματος πλέως ὁ μῦϑός ἐστιν ὡς ὑπηρέτου ϑεῶν Prom. 956; ἦν δὲ οὐδὲ ἀδύνατος, ὡς Λακεδαιμόνιος, εἰπεῖν, für einen Lacedämonier, Thuc. 4, 84. – Am mannichfaltigsten ist dieser Gebrauch bei Participien; – a) bei denen, die sich auf das subj. od. ein Nomen in einem andern Casus beziehen, unter welchen am geläufigsten ὡς mit partic. fut. die Absicht ausdrückt, ἐξ ὀμμάτων δ' ἤστραπτε γοργωπὸν σέλας, ὡς τὴν Διὸς τυραννίδ' ἐκπέρσων βίᾳ, als wollte er, wie Einer, der da zerstören wollte, Aesch. Prom. 357; ἐλάμβανε τὸ τόξον ὡς κατατοξεύσων αὐτόν, als wollte er ihn erschießen, od. um ihn zu erschießen, Her. 3, 36; συλλαμβάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν Xen. An. 1, 1,3, u. öfter; doch ist auch zuweilen das ὡς mehr zu betonen, wie An. 7, 8,16, ἀπῄεσαν ὡς περὶ τῶν χρημάτων μαχούμενοι, indem sie sich stellten, als wollten sie kämpfen; u. unbestimmter, ὁρῶσιν ἱππέας πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐξωπλισμένους ὡς κωλύσοντας, als wollten sie verhindern, 4, 3,3; ἔλεγον Κοιρατάδῃ μὴ ϑύειν, ὡς οὐχ ἡγησόμενον τῇ στρατιᾷ, εἰ μὴ δώσει τὰ ἐπιτήδεια, als Einer, der nicht das Heer führen solle, od. denn er werde das Heer nicht führen, wenn er nicht, 7, 1,40 (über diesen Uebergang in den accus., der bei weiterer Ausdehnung eines solchen Satzes sehr gewöhnlich ist, vgl. 7, 1,10 ἐγώ σοι συμβουλεύω, ἐξελϑεῖν μὲν ὡς πορευσόμενον); οἱ δὲ εἵποντο ἄσμενοι ὡς διαβησόμενοι, in der Hoffnung, sie würden übersetzen, 7, 2,9, wie συνεγυμναζόμην ὥς τι ἐνταῦϑα περανῶν Plat. Conv. 217 c; ἔτι πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔβλεπον ὡς ἐροῦντά τι, in der Erwartung, er werde Etwas sagen, Prot. 328 d. – Vgl. noch ὡς οὐχὶ συνδράσουσα νουϑετεῖς τάδε, mit dem Vorsatze, mir nicht beizustehen, Soph. El. 1025; ὅ τ' ἐχϑρὸς ἡμῖν ἐς τοσόνδ' ἐχϑραντέος ὡς καὶ φιλήσων αὖϑις (so daß man immer denkt, er werde wieder Freund werden), ἔς τε τὸν φίλον τοσαῦϑ' ὑπουργῶν ὠφελεῖν βουλήσομαι, ὡς αἰὲν οὐ μενοῦντα Ai. 679 ff.; Eur. Phoen. 902; Thuc. 4, 5; δηλοῖς ὥς τι σημανῶν νέον Soph. Ant. 242, wie Plat. ὡς τίς γενησόμενος ἔρχει παρὰ τὸν Πρωταγόραν, um was für Einer zu werden, Prot. 312 a; ἀνεστήκη ὡς ἐξιών 335 d. – Bei den andern partic. der andern Zeiten sind eben so verschiedene, aus dem Zusammenhange leicht hervorgehende Uebersetzungen möglich; ϑαυμάζονται ὡς σοφοί τε καὶ εὐτυχεῖς γεγενημένοι Xen. Cyr. 1, 1, 1; ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερημένοι, als wären sie beraubt, da sie nach ihrer Meinung beraubt sind, Plat. Rep. I, 329 a; αὐτοὶ ἐνταῠϑα ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον, in der Meinung, sie hätten die Spitze besetzt, Xen. An. 4, 2,5; διεμάχετο ὡς κάμνων, indem er sich stellte, als ob er müde würde, 5, 8,23, vgl. 8, 1,11; τὴν χώραν ἐπέτρεψε διαρπάσαι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὡς πολεμίαν οὖσαν 1, 2,19, als feindliches, weil es, wie er sagte, feindlich sei; ὡς οὖν ἀπηλλαγμένοι τούτων ἡδέως ἐκοιμήϑησαν 4, 3,2; u. mit ἄν (die Stelle eines opt. pot. vertretend), αἰτεῖ αὐτὸν μισϑόν, ὡς οὕτω περιγενόμενος ἂν τῶν ἀντιστασιωτῶν, indem er sagte, daß er so wohl obsiegen werde, 1, 1,10; τὸν ἐκβαίνοντα κολάζουσιν ὡς παρανομοῦντα, als Einen, der da übertrete, Plat. Rep. I, 338 c; ἵνα μὴ ἀγανακτῇ ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ ὡς δεινὰ ἄττα πάσχοντος, in der Meinung, als ob ich etwas Schreckliches litte, Phaed. 115 e; τὸ μαντεῖον τοῖς μὲν οὐδὲν ἀνεῖλεν ὡς οὐ δικαίαν ποιουμένοις τὴν αἴτησιν Isocr. 6, 31, da sie nämlich nach der Ansicht des Orakels. Zuweilen findet sich auch ἡγεῖσϑαι od. ein ähnliches Verbum daneben, τοὺς κόσμους εἴασε χαί. ρειν ὡς ἀλλοτρίους τε ὄντας καὶ πλέον ϑάτερον ἡγησάμενος ἀπεργάζεσϑαι Plat. Phaed. 114 e, wo es auch ὡς ἀπεργαζομένους heißen könnte; vgl. Xen. Cyr. 1, 5,9; στειπτή γε φυλλὰς ὡς ἐναυλίζοντί τῳ, wie von Einem, der darin wohnt, Soph. Phil 33, wo der dat. mit στειπτή zu vrbdn; vgl. Plat. Legg. XI, 921 d. – b) bei gen. absolutis, wo die Bdtg des ὡς erst dann recht erfaßt wird, wenn man es durch »in der Meinung, Ansicht« u. ä. übersetzt; ὡς οὕτως ἐχόντων στρατιὴν ἐκπέμπετε, d. i. ἡγούμενοι, ὅτι οὕτως ἔχει, seid überzeugt, daß die Sache sich so verhält und schicket, Her. 8, 144; ὡς ὧδ' ἐχόντων, χαίροιτ' ἄν Aesch. Ag. 1366; Eum. 645; Soph. Ai. 274. 888; ὡς οὐκέτ' ὄντος γὰρ τὰ συμβόλαιά σου ἐφαίνετο Phil. 872; ὡς διδόντος σοι, οὐκ ἂν φϑάνοις περαίνων, d. i. ἡγούμενος, ὅτι δίδωμί σοι, Plat. Phaed. 100 c; ἐρώτα, ὅ, τι βούλει, ὡς τἀληϑῆ ἐροῠντος, frage was du willst, in der Ueberzeugung, daß ich dir die Wahrheit sagen werde, Xen. Cyr. 3, 1,9; παρήγγειλεν ἑκάστοις λαμβάνειν ἄνδρας ὅτι πλείστους, ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοντος Τισσαφέρνους ταῖς πόλεσιν, indem er vorgab, daß Tiss., An. 1, 1,6; ὅτι οὐχ ὡς τοῖς Ἕλλησι πολεμησόντων σφῶν εἴποι 5, 6,3; παρήγγειλαν αὐτοῖς παρασκευάζεσϑαι, ὡς μάχης ἐσομένης Hell. 7, 5,20, vgl. 5, 4,7; οὐκοῠν ὡς διανοουμένου σου ταῦτα ἐρωτῶ, unter der Voraussetzung, daß, Plat. Alc. I, 106 b; vgl. Xen. An. 5, 7,31. – Bes. ist diese Vrbdg bei ἐπίστασϑαι, εἰδέναι u. ähnl. zu merken, wo sie die Stelle des Objectsatzes vertritt, ὡς ἐμοῠ οὖν ἰόντος, ὅπη ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς, οὕτω τὴν γνώμην ἔχετε, eigtl. in der Ueberzeugung also, daß ich gehen werde, wohin ihr immer gehen möget, so bildet euch eure Ansicht von mir, d. i. glaubt also, daß ich gehen werde; vgl. Xen. Cyr. 1, 6,11; ὡς τοίνυν μὴ ἀκουσομένων, οὕτω διανοεῖσϑε Plat. Rep. I, 327 e; ὑποϑέμενοι ὡς τούτου οὕτω ἔχοντος IV, 437 a; ὡς οὐκέτ' ὄντων σῶν τέκνων φρόντιζε δή Eur. Med. 1311. – Aehnlich auch ὡς πολέμου ὄντος ἀπαγγελῶ Xen. An. 2, 1,21, u. sonst. – c) aber auch andere Casus des partic. finden sich so absolut gebraucht; zunächst der acc. der imperson., welcher dem gen. übh. entspricht; τούτων δὲ γενομένων, ὡς ἐξὸν ἤδη αὐτοῖς ποιεῖν, ὅ τι βούλοιντο, ἀπέκτειναν Xen. Hell. 2, 3,21; ὡς οὐδὲν δέον An. 6, 2,22; Plat. Phil. 66 a u. sonst; u. bei ähnlichen Structuren, ὡς ἀδύνατον ὄν Rep. IV, 425 a, σὺ. γὰρ ὑπέσχου ζητήσειν ὡς οὐχ ὅσιον ὄν μὴ οὐ βοηϑεῖν δικαιοσύνῃ ib. 427 e. – Aber auch in freierer Vrbdg, ἥδεσϑε τοῦδε εἵνεκα, ὡς περιεσομένους ἡμέας Ἑλλήνων Her. 9, 42, in der Meinung, daß wir besiegen werden; vgl. Soph. O. R. 101 O. C. 380; οὐχ ὕβρει λέγω τάδ', ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνον ὡς παρόντα νῷν, weil ich weiß, daß er hier ist, El. 881; Eur. Ion 983. – Besonders vertritt dieser absol. acc. mit ὡς die Stelle des Objectsatzes bei den Verbis des Sagens, wie Aesch. Ag. 683 einfach sagt λέγουσιν ἡμᾶς ὡς ὀλωλότας, sie sprechen von uns. wie von, sie sagen, daß wir; so Xen. An. 1, 3,15 ὡς μὲν στρατηγήσοντα ἐμὲ ταύτην τὴν στρατηγίαν μηδεὶς ὑμῶν λεγέτω, Keiner spreche von mir als Einem, spreche so, als ob ich, od. daß ich –. Vgl. noch εὔχετο πρὸς τοὺς ϑεοὺς ἁπλῶς ἀγαϑὰ διδόναι ὡς τοὺς ϑεοὺς κάλλιστα εἰδότας Xen. Mem. 1, 3,2, da ja die Götter am besten wüßten; διὸ καὶ τοὺς υἱεῖς οἱ πατέρες εἴργουσι τῶν πονηρῶν ἀνϑρώπων, ὡς τὴν χρηστῶν ὁμιλίαν ἄσκησιν οὖσαν 1, 2,20; προαγορεύουσι τοῖς πολίταις, τὴν κατάστασιν ὅλην μὴ κινεῖν, ὡς ἀποϑανούμενον, ὃς ἂν τοῦτο δρᾷ, mit der Drohung, Plat. Rep. IV, 426 c; μισϑὸν αἰτοῠσιν, ὡς οὐχὶ αὐτοῖσιν ὠφέλειαν ἐσομένην ἐκ τοῠ ἄρχειν I, 345 e, u. sonst. – Der acc. scheint statt des gen. oft nur wegen der nahe liegenden Beziehung auf ein verbum dicendi gewählt zu sein.

    10) Hieran reihen sich ähnliche nähere Bestimmungen, bes. durch eine Präposition; καὶ γὰρ ἦσαν ὡπλισμένοι ὡς ἐν ὄρεσιν ἱκανῶς πρὸς τὸ ἐπιδραμεῖν Xen. An. 4, 3,31, für eine Gebirgsgegend hinlänglich bewaffnet; ἄπιστον τὸ πλῆϑος λέγεται ἀπολέσϑαι ὡς πρὸς τὸ μέγεϑος τῆς πόλεως Thuc. 3, 113; ὡς ἐκ τῶν δυνατῶν, ὡς ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων, nach Möglichkeit, wie es sich nach den Zeitumständen thun ließ; παρασκευασάμενος ὡς ἐπὶ ναυμαχίαν ist = ὡς ναυμαχήσων, ὡς εἰς μάχην, Xen. An. 1, 8,1; κόσμος ὡς εἰς πόλεμον 1, 9,23; ὡς εἰς κύκλωσιν, = κυκλώσων, 1, 8,23; ἀϑροίζει ὡς ἐπὶ τούτους, unter dem Vorwande eines Zuges gegen diese, 1, 2,1, u. öfter; δοκεῖ στρατεύεσϑ αι ὡς ἐπὶ Τισσαφέρνην 7, 6,1; φεύγουσιν ὡς πρὸς τὴν ἔκβασιν 4, 3,21, u. öfter, wo die Bdtg des ὡς schon oft sehr schwach erscheint (4, 3,11); – ὡς ἐκ κακῶν ἐχάρη, meinend, er sei aus der Noth entronnen, Her. 8, 101; ὡς ἐς Ἀϑήνας Thuc. 1, 61; πλεῖν ὡς πρὸς οἶκον Soph. Phil. 58; ὡς ἐπὶ τυραννίδα Thuc. 1, 126; ὡς ἐν εἰδόσιν ἱκανῶς εἴρηται, wie sichs für Kundige gehört; τοὺς πολεμίους ἐπίσταμαι ἰδιώτας ὄντας ὡς πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀγωνίζεσϑαι, im Vergleich mit uns, wenn ich den Maaßstab nach uns nehme, Xen. Cyr. 1, 5,11; auch der einfache dat. kann oft ähnlich gefaßt werden, wie das obige μακρὰν γὰρ ὡς γέροντι προὐστάλης ὁδόν Soph. O. C. 20; ἐπεί περ εἶ γενναῖος ὡς ἰδόντι 76; σωφροσύνης, ὡς πλήϑει, οὐ τὰ τοιάδε μέγιστα Plat. Rep. III, 389 d.

    11) bes. merke man noch – a) ὡς statt ἤ nach dem compar., μή μου προκήδου μᾶσσον ὡς ἐμοὶ γλυκύ Aesch. Prom. 632; selten noch bei Sp. Man kann dabei auf folgde Vbdg zurückgehen: οὐκ ἐσϑ' ὅ τι μᾶλλον πρέπει οὕτως, ὡς τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνδρα ἐν Πρυτανείῳ σιτεῖσϑαι Plat. Apol. 36 d, wo zwei Constructionen verbunden, oder vielmehr aus μᾶλλον ἤ in οὕτως, ὡς übergegangen ist; vgl. ib. 30 a; s. auch Ren. VII, 526 c. – b) bei Zahlwörtern bezeichnet es, daß die genannte Zahl nicht nach ihrem strengen Werthe, sondern als eine ungefähre Angabe zu nehmen sei, ungefähr, etwa, gegen, ἀπέϑανον ὡς πεντακόσιοι, ungefähr 500 blieben, vgl. Xen. An. 1, 6,1. 3, 5,4. 7, 8,15, u. sonst; s. Böckh Ath. Staatshaush. II p. 201. – Einige erklären so auch das oben berührte ὡς τὸ πολύ, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ u. s. w. – c) ὡς ἕκαστοι, sc. τυγχάνουσιν, jeder einzeln, Thuc. u. A.; ὡς ἑκάτεροι, jeder von beiden für sich allein, Thuc. 3, 74. – d) bei Sp. steht es in Vrbdgen wie ὡς οἷον pleonastisch, von Plut. an, s. Lob. Phryn. 427; auch οἷον ὡς οἱονεί, Bast ep. crit. p. 57, Schäf. ib. p. 277.

    12) eigenthümlich ist endlich der Gebrauch von ὡς als Präposition c. accus., die Richtung zu einer Person oder einem wenigstens persönlich gedachten Object ausdrückend, welchen Gebrauch man gewöhnlich aus dem häufigen Vorkommen des ὡς vor πρός, εἰς, ἐπί τινα (s. 10 a E.) zu erklären pflegt; obwohl die überwiegende Mehrzahl jener Beispiele eine dem ὡς eigenthümliche Auffassung und Absonderung von der Präposition erfordert; einfacher ist der accus. als ein Ueberbleibsel des ursprünglich im Griechischen das Ziel einer Bewegung Ausdrückenden zu nehmen, zu dem ὡς gesetzt wird, um die Absicht des Subjects auszudrücken, ὡς τὸν βασιλέα ἐπορεύϑη, um zu dem Könige zu gelangen; so ist es von Her. 2, 121. 135 u. öfter gebraucht; bei Hom. nur einmal, Od. 17, 218 ὡς αἰεὶ τὸν ὁμοῖον ἄγει ϑεὸς ὡς τὸν ὁμοῖον, zu dem Gleichen hin; öfter bei den Tragg., ϑυραῖος ἦλϑον ὡς ὑμᾶς Soph. Trach. 530; O. R. 1481; ὡς τὸν Δία εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν Ar. Pax 104; in Prosa nicht selten bei Personen; auch bei Städten, ἥκοντα ὡς τὴν Μίλητον Thuc. 8, 36, ὡς Ἄβυδον 103, u. öfter. Döderlein philol. Beiträge aus der Schweiz p. 303 – 326 hat eine Menge Beispiele für ὡς von der Richtung auf leblose Dinge hin gesammelt und bemerkt, daß sich – a) ὡς übh. selten im Vergleich mit den verwandten Präpositionen εἰς, ἐπί, πρός finde, daß es – b) häufiger bei der Richtung zu Personen hin gebraucht werde, daß – c) ὡς, mit einer Präposition verbunden, häufiger bei Sachen, viel seltener bei Personen stehe, und – d) ὡς und ὡς πρός bleiben auf die Verhältnisse von Raum und Handlung eingeschränkt, ὡς τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον findet sich nitgends. Vergleiche noch Herm. Soph. Tr. 365, der zugiebt, es könne ὡς auch bei leblosen Gegenständen gebraucht werden, wenn diese für belebte gesetzt seien, wie bei Ländern, Städten und dergl.; ὡς τὸ πρόσϑεν Ar. Ach. 242.

    Griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > ὡς

  • 3 erfinden

    erfinden, I) = befinden no. I, 1, w. s. – II) auf etwas kommen: invenire (drückt als der allgemeinere Begriff das Finden übh. aus). – reperire (setzt, wie »auffinden« u. »entdecken«, eine frühere Verborgenheit des Gefundenen u. mithin eine angewandte Mühe des Suchens voraus). – excogitare (ausdenken). – comminisci (ersinnen. z.B. serram; u. etwas Böses aushecken). – ementiri (gleichs. erlügen, in böser Absicht erf). – eine Kunst e., artem invenire: die Kunst e., zu etc., bl. invenire od. reperire mit folg. Infin. (z.B. redordiri telas bombycum): Wörter e., parĕre verba. – Erfinder, inventor od. umschr. qui invenit alqd. – auctor (Urheber). – architectus (gleichs. der Baumeister); verb. architectus et princeps – der erste E., princeps inveniendi: die Erfinder der Bildhauerkunst, fingendi conditores: der E. neuer Wörter, inventor novorum verborum. – Erfinderin, inventrix oder umschr. quae invenit alqd. – auctor (Urheberin).

    deutsch-lateinisches > erfinden

  • 4 χρύσεος

    χρύσεος, att. zsgzgn χρῡσοῦς, ῆ, οῦν, ep. χρύσειος, είη, ειον, 1) golden, von Gold gemacht, mit Gold geziert, ausgelegt; oft bei Hom. u. Hes., bei denen bes. Alles, was den Göttern angehört, golden heißt; dah. auch Ἀφροδίτη χρυσέη (zweisylbig zu lesen), die goldgeschmückte, Il. 3, 64 Od. 8, 337 u. sonst; σκῆπτρον Il. 2, 268 u. öfter, und häufig vom Geräthe, wie δέπας, ἀμφιφορεύς, κύπελλον, u. sonst; Νίκη, Νηρηΐδες, Pind. I. 2, 26 N. 5, 7, u. sonst; χρυσοῖς δὲ φωνεῖ γράμμασιν Aesch. Spt. 416; Soph. öfter, wie Eur.; – vergoldet, Her. 8, 82, vgl. 80; Plat., der auch vrbdt φίλτατος εἶ καὶ ὡς ἀληϑῶς χρυσοῠς, Phaedr. 235 e; – ὁ χρυσοῦς, sc. στατήρ, eine Goldmünze, aureus, Nicom. bei Ath. 781 f, Plut. Pericl. 25, Antp. Th. 3 (V, 31); s. Jac. A. P. p. 779. – 2) goldfarbig, goldgelb; von Haaren, ἔϑειραι, der Rosse des Poseidon, Il. 8, 42; vom Helmbusch, 19, 383. 22, 316; νέφος, 13, 523. 18, 206; κόμη, Pind. I. 6, 49; dah. τὸ χρυσοῦν τοῦ ὠοῦ, das Gelbe im Ei, Dotter, Sp. – Υ der Regel nach lang, dah. χρυσέη, χρυσέην, χρυσέου, χρυσέῳ u. vgl. Formen bei Hom. stets zweisilbig zu lesen sind, vgl. Il. 1, 15 χρυσέῳ ἀνὰ σκήπτρῳ; es wird von den Lyrikern zuweilen kurz gebraucht, s. Böckh de metr. Pind. p. 289 u. zu P. 4, 1; u. so in den lyrischen Stellen der Tragg. (aber nie in den Anapästen u. den Jamben), s. Erf. zu Soph. Ant. 103 Seidl. Eur. Troad. 536 Elmsl. Med. 618 Bacch. 97; selten auch in der Anth., vgl. Jac. A. P. p. 197. 274; die spätern Epiker aber richten sich durchaus nach Homer.]

    Griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > χρύσεος

  • 5 opkomen

    1 [omhoog komen] come up 〈gewas enz.〉 ⇒ rise 〈 deeg, getijde〉, come in 〈 getijde〉
    2 [boven de horizon komen] rise ⇒ ascend
    3 [in gedachte komen] occur ⇒ 〈 weer opkomen〉 recur
    4 [beginnen te ontstaan] come on 〈 koorts, storm〉 ⇒ set in 〈 koorts〉, rise 〈 wind〉
    5 [in zwang komen] spring/come up
    6 [dramaturgie] enter ⇒ come on (stage)
    7 [zich ergens heen begeven] 〈 opdagen〉 turn/show up; 〈 opgaan〉 go (in) to
    8 [zich verzetten tegen] fight/stand up (against)
    9 [verdedigen] fight (for) ⇒ stand up (for)
    10 [Algemeen Zuid-Nederlands] [zich kandidaat stellen] run (for)
    11 [op raken] run out
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   de vloed komt op • the tide is rising/is coming in
         er is nog niets opgekomen • nothing has come up yet
         spontaan/vanzelf opkomen • 〈 ook figuurlijk〉 crop up
    3   de gedachte kwam bij haar op dat • the thought occurred to her that
         een gevoel van onbehagen kwam langzaam maar zeker bij hem op • an uneasy feeling gradually came over him
         het komt niet bij hem op • it doesn't occur to him
         zo iets zou nooit bij hem opkomen • he would never think of doing such a thing
         dat kwam pas later bij mij op • it only occurred to me later
         het eerste wat bij je opkomt • the first thing that comes into your mind
         als vanzelf opkomen • suggest itself/themselves
    4   de mist komt op • the fog's setting in
         ik voel een verkoudheid opkomen/de koorts opkomen • I can feel a cold/the fever coming on
         eventuele vragen, die opkomen bij het lezen van de tekst • any questions occurring while reading the text
         uit het niets opkomen • come out of nowhere
         opkomen uit • emerge from/out of
    6   Macbeth komt op • enter Macbeth
    7   het erf opkomen • come into the yard
         veel kiezers waren niet opgekomen • a great many voters had failed to appear
         er waren slechts vijf leden opgekomen • only five members had turned/showed up
         alle reservisten moeten opkomen • all reservists must report
         de trap opkomen • come up the stairs
         in grote getale opkomen • turn out in large numbers
         ze konden niet tegen de wind opkomen • they could not make headway against the wind
    9   opkomen voor (zichzelf) • stand up for (oneself)
         steeds voor elkaar opkomen • stick together
    11  het eten zal best opkomen, die paar aardappels komen nog wel op • we'll be able to get through the food, those few potatoes will find their way
    ¶   laat ze maar opkomen • let them (all) come
         kom op, we gaan • come on, let's go
         kom maar op als je durft! • come on if you dare!

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > opkomen

  • 6 ratus

    ratus, a, um, PAdi. (v. reor), I) berechnet, ausgerechnet, durch die Rechnung bestimmt, in den Verbindungen: pro rata parte, nach od. in bestimmtem Verhältnis, verhältnismäßig, Cic. u.a.: dass. bloß pro rata, Liv. u.a.: u. pro rata portione, Plin.: u. secundum ratam partem, Vitr. – II) übtr., festbestimmt, feststehend, fest, a) bestimmt = stehend, motus (stellarum) constantes et rati, Cic.: tam certi caeli motus, tam rati astrorum ordines, Cic.: quod ratum fuerit certo tempore, Cic.: si haec Turno rata vita maneret, Verg. – b) = festgestellt, entschieden, gültig, verbürgt, wahr, rechtskräftig (griech. κύριος) u. dgl. (Ggstz. irritus, vanus u. dgl.), id iussum ratum ac firmum futurum, Cic.: cuius tribunatus si ratus est, nihil est quod irritum ex actis Caesaris possit esse, Cic.: censorias subscriptiones omnes fixas et in perpetuum ratas putet esse, Cic.: u. so ut amicitia societasque in aeternum rata sint, Tac. – rata sint visa sua precatur, gültig = in Erfüllung gehend, Ov.: spes iubet esse ratas, läßt H. in Erf. gehen, Hor.: fac rata vota patris, Mart. – ratum habere od. ducere, für gültig halten, bekräftigen, genehmigen, Cic. u. Liv.: ratum facere, bekräftigen, Cic.: alqd mihi ratum est, ich genehmige es, Cic.: alqd ratum est apud alqm, Tac. – subst., cavere de rato, wegen Genehmigung, Paul. dig. 3, 4, 6. § 3. – spätlat. rato habere, rato fieri, Eccl. – c) v. Pers., entschieden, entschlossen, potitur ratus Romulus praedam, Enn. ann. 75. – / Superl. ratissima beneficia, Cato oratt. 9. fr. 2. p. 42 Jordan.

    lateinisch-deutsches > ratus

  • 7 ἀ-λῑπαρής

    ἀ-λῑπαρής, ϑρίξ Soph. El. 443, zw., nicht glänzend ( Hesych. αὐχμηρά), nicht so wie es sich für den Betenden paßt, geschmückt. Br. u. Erf. haben die sich schon in den Schol. findende Lesart λυπαρής aufgenommen.

    Griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > ἀ-λῑπαρής

  • 8 ratus

    ratus, a, um, PAdi. (v. reor), I) berechnet, ausgerechnet, durch die Rechnung bestimmt, in den Verbindungen: pro rata parte, nach od. in bestimmtem Verhältnis, verhältnismäßig, Cic. u.a.: dass. bloß pro rata, Liv. u.a.: u. pro rata portione, Plin.: u. secundum ratam partem, Vitr. – II) übtr., festbestimmt, feststehend, fest, a) bestimmt = stehend, motus (stellarum) constantes et rati, Cic.: tam certi caeli motus, tam rati astrorum ordines, Cic.: quod ratum fuerit certo tempore, Cic.: si haec Turno rata vita maneret, Verg. – b) = festgestellt, entschieden, gültig, verbürgt, wahr, rechtskräftig (griech. κύριος) u. dgl. (Ggstz. irritus, vanus u. dgl.), id iussum ratum ac firmum futurum, Cic.: cuius tribunatus si ratus est, nihil est quod irritum ex actis Caesaris possit esse, Cic.: censorias subscriptiones omnes fixas et in perpetuum ratas putet esse, Cic.: u. so ut amicitia societasque in aeternum rata sint, Tac. – rata sint visa sua precatur, gültig = in Erfüllung gehend, Ov.: spes iubet esse ratas, läßt H. in Erf. gehen, Hor.: fac rata vota patris, Mart. – ratum habere od. ducere, für gültig halten, bekräftigen, genehmigen, Cic. u. Liv.: ratum facere, bekräftigen, Cic.: alqd mihi ratum est, ich genehmige es, Cic.: alqd ratum est apud alqm, Tac. – subst., cavere de rato, wegen Genehmigung, Paul. dig. 3, 4, 6. § 3. – spätlat. rato habere, rato fieri, Eccl. – c) v.
    ————
    Pers., entschieden, entschlossen, potitur ratus Romulus praedam, Enn. ann. 75. – ⇒ Superl. ratissima beneficia, Cato oratt. 9. fr. 2. p. 42 Jordan.

    Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > ratus

  • 9 AT

    I) prep.
    A. with dative.
    I. Of motion;
    1) towards, against;
    Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;
    hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;
    Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;
    þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;
    3) to, at;
    koma at landi, to come to land;
    ganga at dómi, to go into court;
    4) along (= eptir);
    ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;
    dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;
    refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;
    5) denoting hostility;
    renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;
    gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;
    6) around;
    vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;
    bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;
    7) denoting business, engagement;
    ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;
    fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.
    II. Of position, &c.;
    1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;
    at kirkju, at church;
    at dómi, in court;
    at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;
    2) denoting participation in;
    vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;
    3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;
    kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;
    var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;
    4) with proper names of places (farms);
    konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;
    biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;
    at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;
    5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;
    at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;
    at Marðar, at Mara’s home;
    at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;
    at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).
    III. Of time;
    1) at, in;
    at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;
    at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;
    at páskum, at Easter;
    at kveldi, at eventide;
    at fjöru, at the ebb;
    at flœðum, at the floodtide;
    2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;
    at ári komanda, next year;
    at vári, er kemr, next spring;
    generally with ‘komanda’ understood;
    at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;
    3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;
    at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;
    at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;
    at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;
    at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;
    at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;
    at honum önduðum, after his death;
    4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;
    hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;
    skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;
    at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.
    IV. fig. and in various uses;
    1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;
    brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;
    verða at ormi, to become a snake;
    2) for, as;
    gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;
    eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;
    3) by;
    taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;
    draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;
    kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;
    auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;
    vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;
    5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;
    ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;
    6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;
    faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);
    aðili at sök = aðili sakar;
    7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;
    hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;
    mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;
    tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;
    kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;
    8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;
    Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);
    þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;
    hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;
    9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);
    at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;
    at landslögum, by the law of the land;
    at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;
    10) in adverbial phrases;
    gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;
    bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;
    at fullu, fully;
    at vísu, surely;
    at frjálsu, freely;
    at eilífu, for ever and ever;
    at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;
    at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;
    at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.
    B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);
    sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;
    at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;
    connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;
    at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.
    1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;
    at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;
    2) in an objective sense;
    hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;
    gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;
    3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).
    1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;
    hón grét at meir, she wept the more;
    þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;
    þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;
    2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);
    þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;
    sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.
    conj., that;
    1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;
    þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;
    vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;
    2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;
    svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;
    3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);
    4) since, because, as (= því at);
    5) connected with þó, því, svá;
    þó at (with subj.), though, although;
    því at, because, for;
    svá at, so that;
    6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;
    þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;
    þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;
    áðr at (= á. en), before;
    7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;
    Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;
    in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.
    V)
    negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.
    odda at, Yggs at, battle.
    * * *
    1.
    and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.
    Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.
    WITH DAT.
    A. LOC.
    I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:
    1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.
    2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.
    3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)
    4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.
    5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.
    β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.
    6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.
    β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.
    γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.
    7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.
    β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.
    8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.
    β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.
    II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.
    2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.
    3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:
    α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.
    β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.
    γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.
    4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.
    5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.
    6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.
    β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.
    γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.
    7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.
    B. TEMP.
    I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.
    II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.
    β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.
    III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:
    1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,
    2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.
    IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:
    1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.
    2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.
    3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.
    V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.
    2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.
    C. METAPH. and in various cases:
    I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:
    α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.
    β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.
    II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.
    2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.
    III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.
    IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.
    2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)
    3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.
    4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.
    5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.
    6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.
    β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.
    V. denoting the source of a thing:
    1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.
    2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.
    VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.
    VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.
    VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.
    β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.
    IX. following many words:
    1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.
    β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …
    γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.
    δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.
    2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.
    3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.
    WITH ACC.
    TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.
    ☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.
    2.
    and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.
    I. it is used either,
    1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,
    2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.
    β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).
    3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.
    II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:
    α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.
    β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.
    γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.
    δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.
    ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.
    ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.
    η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.
    θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.
    3.
    and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.
    I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.
    II. it is used,
    1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.
    2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.
    β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.
    γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.
    III. used in connection with conjunctions,
    1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.
    α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.
    β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.
    γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.
    2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.
    IV. as a relat. conj.:
    1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.
    2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.
    V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.
    4.
    and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.
    5.
    n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.
    β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.
    6.
    the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AT

  • 10 court

    n. binnenplaats, erf; rechtbank; paleis, hof, hofhouding, ontvangst
    --------
    v. het hof maken, uitnodigen
    court1
    [ ko:t] 〈 zelfstandig naamwoord〉
    1  rechtbank ⇒ gerechtsgebouw/zaal, (gerechts)hof
    3  hof ⇒ koninklijk paleis, hofhouding
    4 〈 sport〉 (tennis)baan
    5  omsloten ruimte ⇒ (licht)hal; binnenhof/plaats, cul-de-sac
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   Court of Appeal(s) • hof van appel/beroep
         Court of Cassation • hof van cassatie
         Court of Claims • bestuursrechtelijk hof 〈 in de USA〉
         court of honour • ereraad
         court of inquiry • gerechtelijke commissie van onderzoek
         court of justice • gerechtshof
         court of law • rechtbank
         Court of Session • (Schots) civiel hooggerechtshof
         go to court • naar de rechter stappen
         settle out of court • in der minne/buiten de rechter om schikken
         take someone to court • iemand voor de rechter slepen
    2   in open court • in openbare rechtszitting
    3   Court of St. James's • het kabinet van St.-James, de Engelse regering, het Britse hof
         hold court • hof houden
         be presented at court • aan het hof gepresenteerd worden
    laugh someone/something out of court • iemand/iets weghonen
         pay court to someone • iemand het hof maken
         rule/put out of court • uitsluiten 〈 getuige, bewijsmateriaal; ook figuurlijk〉; 〈 figuurlijk〉(iets/iemand) totaal geen kans geven
    ————————
    court2
    4  flirten met ⇒ vragen om, uitlokken
    ♦voorbeelden:
    3   an entertainer courting applause • een artiest die hengelt naar applaus
    4   court disaster • om moeilijkheden vragen

    English-Dutch dictionary > court

  • 11 extérieur

    extérieur1 [eksteerjur]
    〈m.〉
    2 〈 formeel〉 uiterlijk ⇒ voorkomen, houding
    5 〈 film〉 buitenopname
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1    à l'extérieur • buiten
          de l'extérieur • van buitenaf
          juger de l'extérieur • als buitenstaander oordelen
    ————————
    extérieur2 [eksteerjur]
    2 uitwendig ⇒ buiten, buitenst, uiterlijk, zichtbaar
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1    cour extérieure • plaatsje, erf 〈 buiten het huis〉
          point extérieur à un cercle • punt dat buiten een cirkel ligt
          considérations extérieures au sujet • overwegingen die niets met het onderwerp te maken hebben
    2    boulevard extérieur • ringweg, ceintuurbaan
          le monde extérieur • de buitenwereld
          〈 pejoratief〉 pitié tout extérieure • medelijden dat alleen maar uiterlijk is
          surface extérieure • buitenkant
    3    Ministère des Relations Extérieures • ministerie van buitenlandse zaken
    ¶    activités extérieures • nevenactiviteiten
    1. m
    5) buitenopname [film]
    2. adj
    2) uiterlijk, buitenste

    Dictionnaire français-néerlandais > extérieur

См. также в других словарях:

  • ERF Fernsehen — Senderlogo Allgemeine Informationen Empfang …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • ERF (Lkw) — ERF Typ 6.4 G der KV Reihe von 1959 mit Panoramascheiben …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Erf (Fluss) — Erf Erfa Die Erf in BürgstadtVorlage:Infobox Fluss/KARTE fehlt Daten …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • ERF Medien (Deutschland) — Logo des ERF Jubiläumslogo …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • ERF Plus — Allgemeine Informationen Empfang Mittelwelle, Kabel, Satellit, DVB T (Berlin), Telefon, Internet …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • ERF — steht für die Edgar Reitz Filmproduktion eine heute zu MAN gehörende, englische Lastwagenmarke, siehe ERF (Lkw) Église Réformée de France, siehe Reformierte Kirche von Frankreich Evangeliums Rundfunk, deutscher Partner von Trans World Radio ERF… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Erf — steht für eine heute zu MAN gehörende, englische Lastwagenmarke, siehe ERF (Lkw) Église Réformée de France, siehe Reformierte Kirche von Frankreich Evangeliums Rundfunk, deutscher Partner von Trans World Radio ERF Medien, Evangelium in Radio und… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • ERF Radio — Senderlogo Allgemeine Informationen Empfang: Mittelwelle, Kabel, Satellit, DVB T (Berlin), Telefon, Internet …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • ERF Medien Österreich — Logo von ERF Medien Österreich ERF Medien Österreich ist ein in Österreich eingetragener gemeinnütziger Verein, der Radiosendungen und Internet Content sowie eine Zeitschrift mit christlichen Inhalten produziert. Er ist überkonfessionell… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • ERF Medien (Schweiz) — Logo von ERF Medien ERF Medien ist eine Schweizer Fachredaktion im Bereich Glaube und Gesellschaft. Als Medienunternehmen produziert sie TV und Radiobeiträge für das In und Ausland zu Themen um den christlichen Glauben. Sie bedienen… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • ERF Online — Unter ERF Online fasst der Evangeliumsrundfunk alle Onlineaktivitäten im Internet zusammen. Das Projekt wurde 1996 zusammen mit elf evangelikalen Organisationen als gemeinsame Plattform für evangelikale Mission und Dienstleistungen im Internet… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»